---TITLE: landscape_age

---AUTHOR(S): Martha Raynolds, Josefino Comiso, Donald Walker

-Name(s) of PI: Donald A. Walker

-Complete mailing address: 311 Irving, P.O. Box 757000, Fairbanks, AK 99775
-Telephone: 907-474-6720
-Web pages: www.arcticatlas.org
-PI E-mail address: DAWalker@alaska.edu

-E-mail address for data questions: MKRaynolds@alaska.edu

---FUNDING SOURCE AND GRANT NUMBER:OPP-ARCSS grant #0531180

---DATA SET OVERVIEW:
Identification_Information:
Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Martha Raynolds
Publication_Date: 2009
Title: cavm_age
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data
Other_Citation_Details: Raynolds, M. K., and Walker, D. A. 2009. The effects of deglaciation on circumpolar distribution of arctic vegetation. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing 35:118-129
Online_Linkage: www.arcticatlas.org
Description:
Abstract: Landscape age, in 1000 years since the land surface was available for vegetation colonization
Purpose: Analysis of the Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Map and NDVI data
Supplemental_Information:
Raynolds, M. K., and D. A. Walker. 2009. The effects of deglaciation on circumpolar distribution of arctic vegetation. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing 35: 118-129.

Raynolds, M. K., and D. A. Walker. 2009. The effects of deglaciation on circumpolar distribution of arctic vegetation. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing 35: 118-129.
Raynolds, M. K., and D. A. Walker. 2009. The effects of deglaciation on circumpolar distribution of arctic vegetation. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing 35: 118-129.
Raynolds, M. K., and Walker, D. A. 2009. The effects of deglaciation on circumpolar distribution of arctic vegetation. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing 35:118-129.
Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Multiple_Dates/Times:
Single_Date/Time:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 1995
Currentness_Reference: ground condition
Status:
Progress: Complete
Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: As needed
Spatial_Domain:
Bounding_Coordinates:
West_Bounding_Coordinate: -180.000000
East_Bounding_Coordinate: 180.000000
North_Bounding_Coordinate: 90.000000
South_Bounding_Coordinate: 44.391524
Keywords:
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: none
Theme_Keyword: Landscape age
Theme_Keyword: Glaciation
Theme_Keyword: Glacial rebound
Theme_Keyword: Proglacial lakes
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Alaska Geobotany Center
Theme_Keyword: cavm
Theme_Keyword: ilum
Theme_Keyword: vegetation
Theme_Keyword: physiogonomy
Theme_Keyword: tundra
Place:
Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Alaska Geobotany Center
Place_Keyword: Arctic
Place_Keyword: Circumpolar
Place_Keyword: Alaska
Place_Keyword: Canada
Place_Keyword: Greenland
Place_Keyword: Iceland
Place_Keyword: Norway
Place_Keyword: Russia
Place_Keyword: Svalbard
Place_Keyword: US
Access_Constraints: none
Use_Constraints: Data provided by the Alaska Geobotany Center are copyright protected under the provisions of a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/1.0/). Materials may be freely downloaded, reprinted and redistributed for non-commercial use. Reproduction and redistribution of the materials on this web site, including derivative works, shall give credit to the Alaska Geobotany Center and remain subject to the above license. Any web pages that use this material shall contain a link pointing to the Alaska Geobotany Center home page (http://www.geobotany.uaf.edu/).
Point_of_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Person_Primary:
Contact_Person: Martha Raynolds
Contact_Organization: University of Alaska Fairbanks
Contact_Position: Research Faculty
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: physical address
Address: Institute of Arctic Biology
Address: 311 Irving, Box 757000
Address: University of Alaska Fairbanks
City: Fairbanks
State_or_Province: AK
Postal_Code: 99775
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: +1.907.474.6720
Contact_Voice_Telephone: +1.907.474.2459
Contact_Voice_Telephone: +1.907.474.2460
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: mkraynolds@alaska.edu
Contact_Instructions: http://www.arcticatlas.org/
Browse_Graphic:
Browse_Graphic:
Browse_Graphic_File_Name: http://www.geobotany.uaf.edu/cavm/data/cavm_veg1300.png
Browse_Graphic_File_Description: 1300x1300 png (186 kb)
Browse_Graphic_File_Type: PNG
Native_Data_Set_Environment: Microsoft Windows XP Version 5.1 (Build 2600) Service Pack 3; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.3.1.1850
Cross_Reference:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Martha Raynolds
Publication_Date: 2009
Title: Landscape Age
Other_Citation_Details: Raynolds, M. K., and Walker, D. A. 2009. The effects of deglaciation on circumpolar distribution of arctic vegetation. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing 35:118-129.
Data_Quality_Information:
Attribute_Accuracy:
Attribute_Accuracy_Report:
Data are in 1000 calendar years. 9999 denotes unknow.

The age of most recent deglaciation, emergence from the sea, or drainage of proglacial lakes was obtained from a compilation of Quaternary glaciations, available in digital format (Ehlers and Gibbard, 2004). Supplemental data provided in the some of the regional chapters were especially useful (Astakhov, 2004; Barendregt and Duk-Rodkin, 2004; Duk-Rodkin et al., 2004; Dyke, 2004; Funder et al., 2004; Kaufman and Manley, 2004). Although landscape age estimates are bound to change as research continues, the compilation used in this study includes the best available current estimates, and provides a relatively robust data set for analysis at a circumpolar scale.

All dates in this study are in calendar years. Dates for Canada were converted from 14C years to calendar years (Dyke, 2004). Data for glaciations in southwest Alaska and the Seward Peninsula were supplemented by Brigham-Grette (2001) and for the North Slope by Hamilton (2003). Data for the Mackenzie River area were from Murton et al. (2005) and Andrews & Dunhill (2004). Data for the Queen Elizabeth Islands were supplemented by England et al. (2006) and Atkinson (2003). Briner (2003, 2005) found that areas of northeast Baffin Island had been glaciated much more recently than previously thought, by nonerosive ice-sheets that formed on top of older deposits (the source of previous dating). Data for eastern Canada were supplemented by Ochietti (2004).

Details for the Disko Bay area were obtained from Lloyd et al. (2005) and Long et al. (2003). Dates for Northeastern Greenland were confirmed by Cremer et al. (2008). Dates for Svalbard, Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya were from Forman et al. (2004). In European Russia, the date of Quaternary maximum glaciation was estimated at 140 kya (Astakhov et al. 2004), with deglaciation of the Kanin Peninsula around 60-50 kya (Paus and Matiouchkov, 2003). Raab (2003) showed evidence of marine transgression and earlier deglaciation on the islands of Severnaya Zemlya (~45 kya) than Ehlers & Dyke (25 kya). Mangerud et al. (2004) was used to map the extent of proglacial lakes in European Russia. A continual record of Quaternary deposits on the New Siberian Islands (Schirrmeister et al. 2002) confirmed the lack of glaciation mapped by Ehlers & Gibbard. Similarly, evidence from Wrangel Island showed minor glaciation on the north coast during the Pleistocene (Gualtieri et al. 2003). Brigham-Grette et al.'s work in Chukotka (2004) supported Ehlers & Gibbard's mapping of mountain glaciations during the Pleistocene.

Andrews, J. T., and Dunhill, G. 2004. Early to mid-Holocene Atlantic water influx and deglacial meltwater events, Beaufort Sea slope, Arctic Ocean. Quaternary Research, Vol. 61, 14-21.

Astakhov, V. 2004. Pleistocene ice limits in the Russian northern lowlands. In Quaternary glaciations - extent and chronology. Edited by Ehlers, J., and Gibbard, P. L. Elsevier, Amsterdam. pp. 309-319.

Atkinson, N. 2003. Late Wisconsinan glaciation of Amund and Ellef Ringnes islands, Nunavut: evidence for the configuration, dynamics, and deglacial chronology of the northwest sector of the Innuitian Ice Sheet. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 40. pp. 351-363.

Barendregt, R. W., and Duk-Rodkin, A. 2004. Chronology and extent of Late Cenozoic ice sheets in North America: A magnetostratigraphic assessment. In Quaternary glaciations - extent and chronology. Edited by Ehlers, J., and Gibbard, P. L. Elsevier, Amsterdam. pp.1-7.

Brigham-Grette, J. 2001. New perspectives on Beringian Quaternary paleogeography, stratigraphy, and glacial history. Quaternary Science Reviews, Vol. 20, pp 15-14.

Briner, J. P., Miller, G. H., Davis, P. T., Bierman, P. R., and Caffee, M. 2003. Last Glacial Maximum ice sheet dynamics in Arctic Canada inferred from young erratics perched on ancient tors. Quaternary Science Reviews, 22, pp. 437-444.

Briner, J. P., Miller, G. H., Davis, P. T., and Finkel, R. C. 2005. Cosmogenic exposure dating in arctic glacial landscapes: implications for the glacial history of northeastern Baffin Island, Arctic Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Science, Vol. 42, pp. 67-84.

Cremer, H., Bennike, O., and Wagner, B. 2008. Lake sediment evidence for the last deglaciation of eastern Greenland. Quaternary Science Reviews, Vol. 27, pp. 312-319.

Duk-Rodkin, A., Barendregt, R. W., Froese, D. G., Weber, F., Enkin, R., Smith, I. R., Zazula, G. D., Waters, P., and Klassen, R. 2004. Timing and extent of Plio-Pleistocene glaciations in north-western Canada and east-central Alaska. In Quaternary glaciations - extent and chronology. Edited by Ehlers, J., and Gibbard, P. L. Elsevier, Amsterdam. pp. 313-345.

Dyke, A. S. 2004. An outline of North American deglaciation with emphasis on central and northern Canada. In Quaternary glaciations - extent and chronology. Edited by Ehlers, J., and Gibbard, P. L. Elsevier, Amsterdam. pp. 373-424.

Ehlers, J. and Gibbard, P. L. 2004. Quaternary glaciations - extent and chronology. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

England, J., Atkinson, N., Bednarski, J., Dyke, A. S., Hodgson, D. A., and Cofaigh, C. O. 2006. The Innuitian Ice Sheet: configuration, dynamics and chronology. Quaternary Science Reviews, Vol. 25, pp. 689-703.

Forman, S. L., Lubinski, D. J., Ingolfsson, O., Zeeberg, J. J., Snyder, J. A., Siegert, M. J., and Matishov, G. G. 2004. A review of postglacial emergence on Svalbard, Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya, northern Eurasia. Quaternary Science Reviews, Vol. 23, pp. 1391-1434.

Funder, S., Jennings, A., and Kelly, M. 2004. Middle and late Quaternary glacial limits in Greenland. In Quaternary glaciations - extent and chronology. Edited by Ehlers, J., and Gibbard, P. L. Elsevier, Amsterdam. pp. 425-430.

Gualtieri, L. M., Vartanyan, S., Brigham-Grette, J., and Anderson, P. M. 2003. Pleistocene raised marine deposits on Wrangel Island, northeast Siberia and implications for the presence of an East Siberian ice sheet. Quaternary Research, Vol. 59, pp. 399-410.

Hamilton, T. D. 1986. Correlation of Quaternary glacial deposits in Alaska. Quaternary Science Reviews, Vol. 5, pp. 171-180.

Kaufman, D. S. and Manley, W. F. 2004. Pleistocene Maximum and Late Wisconsinan glacier extents across Alaska, U.S.A. In Quaternary glaciations - extent and chronology. Edited by Ehlers, J., and Gibbard, P. L. Elsevier, Amsterdam. pp. 9-27.

Lloyd, J. M., Park, L. A., Kuijpers, A., and Moros, M. 2005. Early Holocene palaeoceanography and deglacial chronology of Disko Bugt, West Greenland. Quaternary Science Reviews, Vol. 24, pp. 1741-1755.

Long, A. J., Roberts, D. H., and Rasch, M. 2003. New observations on the relative sea level and deglacial history of Greenland from Innaarsuit, Disko Bugt. Quaternary Research, Vol. 60, pp. 162-171.

Mangerud, J., Jakobsson, M., Alexanderson, H., Astakhov, V., Clarke, G. K. C., Henriksen, M., Hjort, C., Krinner, G., Lunkka, J.-P., Moller, P., Murray, A., Nikolskaya, O., Saarnisto, M., and Svendsen, J.-I. 2004. Ice-dammed lakes and rerouting of the drainage of northern Eurasia during the Last Glaciation. Quaternary Science Reviews, Vol. 23, pp. 1313-1332.

Murton, J. B., Whiteman, C. A., Waller, R. I., Pollard, W. H., Clark, I. D., and Dallimore, S. R. 2005. Basal ice facies and supraglacial melt-out till of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, Tuktoyaktuk Coastlands, western Arctic Canada. Quaternary Science Reviews, Vol. 25, pp. 681-708.

Occhietti, S., Govare, E., Klassen, R., Parent, M., and Vincent, J.-S. 2004. Wisconsinan - Early Holocene deglaciation of Quebec-Labrador. In Quaternary glaciations - extent and chronology. Edited by Ehlers, J., and Gibbard, P. L. Elsevier, Amsterdam. pp. 243-273.

Paus, A., Svendsen, J.-I., and Matiouchkov, A. 2003. Late Weichselian (Valdaian) and Holocene vegetation and environmental history of the northern Timan Ridge, European Arctic Russia. Quaternary Science Reviews, Vol. 22, pp. 21-22.

Raab, A., Melles, M., Berger, G. W., Hagedorn, B., and Hubberten, H.-W. 2003. Non-glacial paleoenvironments and the extent of Weichselian ice sheets on Severnaya Zemlya, Russian High Arctic. Quaternary Science Reviews, Vol. 22, pp. 2267-2283.

Schirrmeister, L., Oezen, D., and Geyh, M. A. 2002. 230Th/U dating of frozen peat, Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky Island (Northern Siberia). Quaternary Research, Vol. 57, pp. 253-258.
Logical_Consistency_Report: see attribute accuracy
Lineage:
Source_Information:
Type_of_Source_Media: CD-ROM
Source_Contribution:
digital map on CD provided with the book: Ehlers, J. and Gibbard, P. L. 2004. Quaternary glaciations - extent and chronology. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Updated with more recent studies reported in the literature (see Attribute Accuracy)
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Map was used as base map.
Polygons were divided as necessary to accurately portray the age data reported in the literature
(see Attribute Accuracy)
Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: www.arcticatlas.org
Process_Date: 2008
Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: www.arcticatlas.org
Process_Step:
Process_Description: Dataset moved.
Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: C:\Documents and Settings\Martha Raynolds\My Documents\ArcGIS\cavm\CAVM_comboCopy
Process_Date: 20100407
Process_Time: 11311700
Process_Step:
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Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: C:\arcgis\cavm_combo2
Process_Date: 20100407
Process_Time: 12394000
Process_Step:
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Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: C:\Documents and Settings\Martha Raynolds\My Documents\ArcGIS\cavm\cavm_combo2
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Process_Time: 12430200
Spatial_Data_Organization_Information:
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Point_and_Vector_Object_Information:
SDTS_Terms_Description:
SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: G-polygon
Point_and_Vector_Object_Count: 2198
Spatial_Reference_Information:
Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition:
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Map_Projection:
Map_Projection_Name: Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area
Lambert_Azimuthal_Equal_Area:
Longitude_of_Projection_Center: 180.000000
Latitude_of_Projection_Center: 90.000000
False_Easting: 0.000000
False_Northing: 0.000000
Planar_Coordinate_Information:
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Ordinate_Resolution: 0.000000
Planar_Distance_Units: meters
Geodetic_Model:
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Ellipsoid_Name: WGS_1984
Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.000000
Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257224
Entity_and_Attribute_Information:
Detailed_Description:
Entity_Type:
Entity_Type_Label: cavm_age
Entity_Type_Definition: landscape age (1000 calendar years)
Entity_Type_Definition_Source: see Data Quality
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: FID
Attribute_Definition: Internal feature number.
Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Unrepresentable_Domain: Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated.
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: Shape
Attribute_Definition: Feature geometry.
Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Unrepresentable_Domain: Coordinates defining the features.
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: AGE
Overview_Description:
Distribution_Information:
Distributor:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Person_Primary:
Contact_Person: Martha Raynolds
Contact_Organization: University of Alaska Fairbanks
Contact_Position: Research Faculty
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: physical address
Address: Alaska Geobotany Center
Address: Institute of Arctic Biology
Address: University of Alaska Fairbanks
City: Fairbanks
State_or_Province: AK
Postal_Code: 99775
Country: US
Contact_Voice_Telephone: +1.907.474.6720
Contact_Voice_Telephone: +1.907.474.2459
Contact_Voice_Telephone: +1.907.474.2460
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: mkraynolds@alaska.edu
Contact_Instructions: http://www.arcticatlas.org/
Resource_Description: Downloadable Data
Distribution_Liability: Unknown
Standard_Order_Process:
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Metadata_Reference_Information:
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Metadata_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Person_Primary:
Contact_Person: Martha Raynolds
Contact_Organization: University of Alaska Fairbanks
Contact_Position: Research Faculty
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: physical address
Address: Institute of Arctic Biology
Address: Institute of Arctic Biology
Address: University of Alaska Fairbanks
City: Fairbanks
State_or_Province: AK
Postal_Code: 99775
Country: US
Contact_Voice_Telephone: +1.907.474.6720
Contact_Voice_Telephone: +1.907.474.2459
Contact_Voice_Telephone: +1.907.474.2460
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: mkraynolds@alaska.edu
Contact_Instructions: http://www.arcticatlas.org/
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