Benthic Chlorophyll Core, NE Chukchi Sea, 2010-2011

Metadata:

• Identification_Information
• Data_Quality_Information
• Entity_and_Attribute_Information
• Distribution_Information
• Metadata_Reference_Information

Identification_Information:

Citation:

Citation_Information:

Title: Benthic Chlorophyll Core, NE Chukchi Sea, 2010-2011

Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: tabular digital data

Originator: Dr. Arny Blanchard, University of Alaska Fairbanks

Online_Linkage: pacmars.eol.ucar.edu

Online_Linkage: www.chukchiscience.org

Publication_Date: November 2013

Edition: 2

Spatial_Domain:

Bounding_Coordinates:

West_Bounding_Coordinate: -167.52945

East_Bounding_Coordinate: -159.6986333

North_Bounding_Coordinate: 72.597150

South_Bounding_Coordinate: 70.63968333

Access_Constraints: None

Use_Constraints:

User shall not employ selective use of this data; data must be used in its entirety. User must comprehend all information contained within the metadata, especially as it pertains to data quality and spatial coverage of data. User must ensure that the most recent version of data and metadata are used. User must contact data originator of biological data before using such data in a publication. Acknowledgment of data originator and all points of contact listed for data would be appreciated.

Native_Data_Set_Environment:

Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2 Version 6.1 (Build 7601) Service Pack 1; Esri ArcGIS 10.1.0.3035

Description:

Abstract:

This data set was collected as part of the Chukchi Sea Environmental Studies Program (CSESP), a multi-year, interdisciplinary ecological study focused on areas in outer continental shelf oil and gas leases in the northeastern Chukchi Sea. In 2008 when the program began, two 30 x 30 nautical mile study area boxes were developed around areas of interest to ConocoPhillips and Shell. The ConocoPhillips study area (named Klondike), and the Shell study area (named Burger) became the focus of data collection. Data were collected from these two study areas again in 2009. Then, in 2010, Statoil joined the program, and a third study area, Statoil, was created and sampled as well as Klondike and Burger. In 2011 and 2012, the scope of the study area was expanded to include the Hanna Shoal Regional Study Area.
The CSESP interdisciplinary studies include acoustic monitoring, baseline chemistry, benthic ecology, chemical oceanography, fisheries ecology, marine mammal ecology, physical oceanography, plankton ecology and nutrients, and seabird ecology.
This data set contains results of chlorophyll analyses of benthic sediments collected in the northeastern Chukchi Sea during the open water seasons from 2010 to 2011. The parameters for this data set include the name of the ship; cruise code; the station where the sample was taken; the replicate number of the sample; the latitude and longitude of the location the sample was collected; the local date and time of sample collection; the type of gear used to collect the sample; the depth of the water where the sample was collected; the core section analysed; concentrations of chlorophyll in the sample; the amount of pigment in the sample; the depth increment; the instrumentation used; the title of the report the data set supports; the name of the contractor who recorded and analyzed the data; and any additional notes concerning the sample.

Purpose:

The objectives of the Chukchi Sea Environmental Baseline Studies Program are: 1. To provide data for pre-exploration and development-related activities 2. To provide data for permit applications 3. To provide input to planning of future operations and associated mitigation 4. To provide additional baseline data that can be used to assess and measure the potential environmental effects of offshore oil and gas exploration and development in the northeastern Chukchi Sea

Supplemental_Information:

Edition 2 Updates (November 2013): Incorporated PI edits and added keywords.
To download annual report listed under REPORT field in table, please see www.chukchiscience.org.

Time_Period_of_Content:

Time_Period_Information:

Range_of_Dates/Times:

Beginning_Time: 2010

Ending_Time: 2011

Currentness_Reference: ground condition

Status:

Progress: Complete

Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: As needed

Data_Set_Credit:

ConocoPhillips, Shell, and Statoil would like to express their appreciation to Olgoonik Fairweather, LLC and Dr. Arny Blanchard, University of Alaska Fairbanks for creating this data set.

Point_of_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Position: Senior Scientist

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing and physical address

Address: ConocoPhillips, 700 G Street

City: Anchorage

State_or_Province: AK

Postal_Code: 99501

Contact_Instructions:

Please contact Data Distributor for information about obtaining data (see Distribution Information in metadata).

Contact_Organization_Primary:

Contact_Organization: ConocoPhillips

Point_of_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Position: Senior Scientist

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing and physical address

Address: Shell, 3601 C Street, Suite 1000

City: Anchorage

State_or_Province: AK

Postal_Code: 99503

Contact_Instructions:

Please contact Data Distributor for information about obtaining data (see Distribution Information in metadata).

Contact_Organization_Primary:

Contact_Organization: Shell

Point_of_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Position: HSE Manager

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing and physical address

Address: Statoil, 3800 Centerpoint, Suite 920

City: Anchorage

State_or_Province: AK

Postal_Code: 99503

Contact_Instructions:

Please contact Data Distributor for information about obtaining data (see Distribution Information in metadata).

Contact_Organization_Primary:

Contact_Organization: Statoil

Keywords:

Theme:

Theme_Keyword: environment

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category

Theme_Keyword: oceans

Theme:

Theme_Keyword: chlorophyll

Theme_Keyword: cholorophyll core

Place:

Place_Keyword: Arctic

Place_Keyword: Arctic Ocean

Place_Keyword: Chukchi Sea

Data_Quality_Information:

Attribute_Accuracy:

Attribute_Accuracy_Report:

CSESP Attribute Accuracy Overview When the program began in 2008, scientists collected and stored their data through a variety of methods. Vessel data were collected by individual software packages and backed up as part of the regular computer backups, which may or may not have coincided with backups conducted by the scientists. Each scientist had his or her own method for recording and storing at sea observations and data; some of these methods included paper copies. The TigerSoft application was developed in 2009 to better manage all scientific data collected through the CSESP. TigerSoft consists of three components: TigerObserver, TigerNav, and TigerObserver Server. Under the oversight of a data manager, these three programs worked in concert with predetermined scientific data protocols to integrate scientific observations with vessel navigation to produce standardized data sets. Data sets were backed up regularly and made available to scientists to proof and edit on a nightly basis during the cruises. TigerSoft was used each season for data collection since it's inception in 2009. After the conclusion of each field season, data managers merged the TigerSoft daily observation databases of each discipline and distributed the data in Excel spreadsheet format to the primary investigators of each discipline. Primary investigators reviewed their data and signed forms acknowledging the completeness and accuracy of the data. If corrections needed to be made to the data, detailed information regarding the corrections and an edited copy of the data was returned to the data manager. Examples of corrections include updated species identification and deletion of an observation event that was made in error.

Logical_Consistency_Report:

Each year the primary investigators spent approximately nine months analyzing their data and then produced a discipline specific annual report for CSESP and a final data set. The final data had to adhere to a predetermined data protocol and pass through a data validation tool in order to be accepted by the data manager. Data that did not pass validation were returned to the primary investigators to be corrected and resubmitted for validation.

Positional_Accuracy:

Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy:

Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report:

Since 2009, latitude and longitude values were obtained through a Hemisphere VS100 Heading and Positioning Receiver. The horizontal accuracy of the instrument was +/- 0.6 meters.

Lineage:

Methodology:

Methodology_Type: Field

Methodology_Description:

Sediment cores were taken from one side of the van Veen grab using plastic coring tubes. Cores were labeled, bagged, and frozen for transport to the UAF laboratory.

Methodology:

Methodology_Type: Lab

Methodology_Description:

Cores were thawed and sectioned into 1 to 2cm depth increments as they were pushed out of the corers. Chlorophyll a and phaeopigments were extracted in an acetone solution and concentrations measured on a spectrophotometer.

Entity_and_Attribute_Information:

Detailed_Description:

Entity_Type:

Entity_Type_Label: Benthic Chlorophyll Core Measurements

Entity_Type_Definition:

Chlorophyll measurements taken from a cored section of a van Veen grab from vessel in the northeastern Chukchi Sea

Entity_Type_Definition_Source: CSESP

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: SHIP

Attribute_Definition: Vessel used for data collection.

Attribute_Definition_Source: CSESP

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: Westward Wind

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Vessel Name

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: CSESP

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: Norseman II

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Vessel Name

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: CSESP

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: Bluefin

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Vessel Name

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: CSESP

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: CRUISE

Attribute_Definition:

Cruise identification code made up of the ship name code, followed by the two digit year and then the sequential cruise number for the season for a given ship. The cruise number includes a padded zero if less than ten.

Attribute_Definition_Source: CSESP

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: WWW1101

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Vessel: Westward Wind; Year: 2011; Cruise Number: 1

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: CSESP

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: WWW1102

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Vessel: Westward Wind; Year: 2011; Cruise Number: 2

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: CSESP

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: WWW1103

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Vessel: Westward Wind; Year: 2011; Cruise Number: 3

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: CSESP

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: WWW1104

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Vessel: Westward Wind; Year: 2011; Cruise Number: 4

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: CSESP

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: WWW1105

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Vessel: Westward Wind; Year: 2011; Cruise Number: 5

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: CSESP

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: WWW1001

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Vessel: Westward Wind; Year: 2010; Cruise Number: 1

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: CSESP

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: WWW1002

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Vessel: Westward Wind; Year: 2010; Cruise Number: 2

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: CSESP

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: WWW1003

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Vessel: Westward Wind; Year: 2010; Cruise Number: 3

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: CSESP

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: WWW1004

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Vessel: Westward Wind; Year: 2010; Cruise Number: 4

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: CSESP

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: WWW1005

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Vessel: Westward Wind; Year: 2010; Cruise Number: 5

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: CSESP

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: WWW1006

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Vessel: Westward Wind; Year: 2010; Cruise Number: 6

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: CSESP

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: NII1001

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Vessel: Norseman II; Year: 2010; Cruise Number: 1

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: CSESP

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: NII1002

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Vessel: Norseman II; Year: 2010; Cruise Number: 2

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: CSESP

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: NII1003

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Vessel: Norseman II; Year: 2010; Cruise Number: 3

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: CSESP

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: NII1004

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Vessel: Norseman II; Year: 2010; Cruise Number: 4

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: CSESP

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: WWW0901

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Vessel: Westward Wind; Year: 2009; Cruise Number: 1

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: CSESP

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: WWW0902

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Vessel: Westward Wind; Year: 2009; Cruise Number: 2

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: CSESP

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: WWW0903

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Vessel: Westward Wind; Year: 2009; Cruise Number: 3

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: CSESP

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: WWW0904

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Vessel: Westward Wind; Year: 2009; Cruise Number: 4

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: CSESP

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: BLF0801

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Vessel: Bluefin; Year: 2008; Cruise Number: 1

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: CSESP

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: BLF0802

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Vessel: Bluefin; Year: 2008; Cruise Number: 2

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: BLF0803

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Vessel: Bluefin; Year: 2008; Cruise Number: 3

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: CSESP

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: BLF0804

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Vessel: Bluefin; Year: 2008; Cruise Number: 4

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: CSESP

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: BLF0805

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Vessel: Bluefin; Year: 2008; Cruise Number: 5

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: CSESP

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: STATION

Attribute_Definition:

Code for a sampling location. A two letter prefix designates area and sample type followed by a sequential number padded with zeros if less than one hundred. Fixed, Random, and Historic Drill Site locations were determined before the cruise. Near and Other station locations were assigned in the field.

Attribute_Definition_Source: CSESP

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: REPLICATE

Attribute_Definition: Replication at the station level.

Attribute_Definition_Source: CSESP

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 1

Range_Domain_Maximum: 3

Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Count

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: LATITUDE

Attribute_Definition:

Latitude at sample collection location in decimal degrees, WGS84.

Attribute_Definition_Source: CSESP

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 0

Range_Domain_Maximum: 90

Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Decimal Degrees

Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.0000000000001

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: LONGITUDE

Attribute_Definition:

Longitude at sample collection location in decimal degrees, WGS84

Attribute_Definition_Source: CSESP

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: -180

Range_Domain_Maximum: 0

Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Decimal Degrees

Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.000000000001

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: DATE_TIME_LOC

Attribute_Definition: Local date and time of sample collection in mm/dd/yyyy hh:mm:ss

Attribute_Definition_Source: CSESP

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: GEARCODE

Attribute_Definition: Type of gear used.

Attribute_Definition_Source: CSESP

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: VVN

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: van Veen

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: University of Alaska Fairbanks

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: DEPTH_M

Attribute_Definition: Water depth in meters.

Attribute_Definition_Source: CSESP

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Meters

Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.1

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: DEPTH_CHLR_CM

Attribute_Definition:

A number or range in cm giving the depth of the section of the core used.

Attribute_Definition_Source: CSESP

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: 0

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: CSESP

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: 5

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: CSESP

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: 10

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: CSESP

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: 15

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: CSESP

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: 20

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: CSESP

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: 0-2

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: CSESP

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: 2-4

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: CSESP

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: 4-6

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: CSESP

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: 6-8

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: CSESP

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: 8-9

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: CSESP

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: 8-10

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: CSESP

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: 10-11

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: CSESP

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: 10-12

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: CSESP

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: 12-14

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: CSESP

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: 14-14.5

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: CSESP

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: 8-10.5

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: CSESP

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: 10-11.5

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: CSESP

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: 10-12.5

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: CSESP

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: CHLA

Attribute_Definition: Concentration of Chlorophyll per unit volume.

Attribute_Definition_Source: CSESP

Range_Domain:

Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Concentration

Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.1

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: PHAEO_MG_M2

Attribute_Definition: Phaeopigment (mg/m^2)

Attribute_Definition_Source: CSESP

Range_Domain:

Attribute_Units_of_Measure: mg/m^2

Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.1

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: INSTR_CHL

Attribute_Definition:

Instrument used to determine chlorophyll and phaeo pigment concentrations. EX: Spec=Spectrometer, Fluor=Fluorometer

Attribute_Definition_Source: CSESP

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: Spec

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Spectrometer

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: CSESP

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: Fluorometer

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Fluor

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: CSESP

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: CONTRACTOR

Attribute_Definition: Company contracted to collect and/or analyze data.

Attribute_Definition_Source: CSESP

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: UAF

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: University of Alaska Fairbanks

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: CSESP

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: REPORT

Attribute_Definition: Title of annual report that data supports.

Attribute_Definition_Source: CSESP

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Unrepresentable_Domain: Report title.

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: NOTES

Attribute_Definition: For notes concerning this record.

Attribute_Definition_Source: CSESP

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Unrepresentable_Domain: Free text notes.

Distribution_Information:

Distributor:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Organization_Primary:

Contact_Organization: National Center for Atmospheric Research

Contact_Person: Earth Observing Laboratory

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing and physical

Address: 3450 Mitchell Lane

City: Boulder

State_or_Province: CO

Postal_Code: 80301

Country: USA

Contact_Voice_Telephone: 303-497-8154

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: codiac@ucar.edu

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: stott@ucar.edu

Distribution_Liability:

The user assumes the entire risk related to use of this data and information. NOAA and/or AOOS and their third party data providers are providing this data and information "as is," and disclaim any and all warranties, whether express or implied, including (without limitation) any warranties of completeness, utility. accuracy, merchantability or fitness of this data for a particular purpose. ConocoPhillips, Shell, and Statoil make no representation or warranty, express or implied, with regard to any of these data or metadata, as used alone or in combination with another data set, and expressly disclaim any representation or warranty. It is the responsibility of the data user to fully comprehend the metadata before use of the data. Each person accessing or using the data or metadata assumes all risks and all liabilities arising from or associated with such access or use. ConocoPhillips, Shell and Statoil shall have no responsibility or liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in the data or metadata or by improper or incorrect use of the data or metadata.

Metadata_Reference_Information:

Metadata_Date: 20131111

Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata

Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998

Metadata_Use_Constraints:

ConocoPhillips, Shell, and Statoil make no representation or warranty, express or implied, with regard to any of these data or metadata, as used alone or in combination with another data set, and expressly disclaim any representation or warranty. It is the responsibility of the data user to fully comprehend the metadata before use of the data. Each person accessing or using the data or metadata assumes all risks and all liabilities arising from or associated with such access or use. ConocoPhillips, Shell and Statoil shall have no responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions in the data or metadata or for any improper or incorrect use of the data or metadata.