DYNAMO 2011-12 Indonesia Makassar Radiosonde L3.1 Data

1.0 General Description

This data set includes 337 high vertical resolution soundings from Makassar, Indonesia (WMO 97180) collected during the DYNAMO field campaign for 2011-12. Soundings were typically released twice daily at 00 and 12 UTC from 30 September 2011 to 31 March 2012. The station utilized Meisei RS-06G radiosondes. These soundings were provided by JAMSTEC. This L3.1 version of the data set was released 20 May 2014. It includes the L3.0 corrections (application of PDF matching and correction for the relative humidity discontinuity at the 0C level) as well a correction for reducing the temperature discontinuity at around 300 hPa. These adjustments were applied by JAMSTEC.

1.1 Data Set Contact

Scot Loehrer
NCAR/EOL
loehrer@ucar.edu

2.0 Detailed Data Description

2.1 Detailed Format Description

All upper air soundings were converted to National Center for Atmospheric Research/Earth Observing Laboratory (NCAR/EOL) Sounding Composite Format (ESC). ESC is a version of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) CLASS format and is an ASCII format consisting of 15 header records for each sounding followed by the data records with associated QC information.

Header Records

The header records (15 total records) contain data type, project ID, site ID, site location, release time, sonde type, and meteorological and wind data processors. The first five header lines contain information identifying the sounding, and have a rigidly defined form. The following 7 header lines are used for auxiliary information and comments about the sounding, and may vary from dataset to dataset. The last 3 header records contain header information for the data columns. Line 13 holds the field names, line 14 the field units, and line 15 contains dashes ('-' characters) delineating the extent of the field.

The five standard header lines are as follows:

Line	Label (padded to 35 char)	Contents
1	Data Type:	Description of type and resolution of data.
2	Project ID:	Id of weather project.
3	Release Site Type/Site ID:	Description of the release site.
4	Release Location (lon,lat,alt):	Position of release site in the format described below.
5	UTC Release Time (y,m,d,h,m,s):	Time of release, in the format: yyyy, mm, dd, hh:mm:ss

The release location is given as: lon (deg min), lat (deg min), lon (dec. deg), lat (dec. deg), alt (m)

Longitude in deg min is in the format: ddd mm.mm'W where ddd is the number of degrees from True North (with leading zeros if necessary), mm.mm is the decimal number of minutes, and W represents W or E for west or east longitude, respectively. Latitude has the same format as longitude, except there are only two digits for degrees and N or S for north/south latitude. The decimal equivalent of longitude and latitude and station elevation follow.

The seven non-standard header lines may contain any label and contents. The labels are padded to 35 characters to match the standard header lines. Records for this dataset include the following non-standard header lines.

Line	Label (padded to 35 char)	Contents
6	Sonde Id/Sonde Type:	7112636/Meisei RS-06G
7
8
9
10
11
12	Nominal Release Time (y,m,d,h,m,s):	Nominal time of release, in the format: yyyy, mm, dd, hh:mm:ss

Data Records

The data records each contain time from release, pressure, temperature, dew point, relative humidity, U and V wind components, wind speed and direction, ascent rate, balloon position data, altitude, and quality control flags (see the QC code description). Each data line contains 21 fields, separated by spaces, with a total width of 130 characters. The data are right-justified within the fields. All fields have one decimal place of precision, with the exception of latitude and longitude, which have three decimal places of precision. The contents and sizes of the 21 fields that appear in each data record are as follows:

Field No.	Width	Format	Parameter	Units	Missing Value
1	6	F6.1	Time	Seconds	9999.0
2	6	F6.1	Pressure	Millibars	9999.0
3	5	F5.1	Dry-bulb Temperature	Degrees C	999.0
4	5	F5.1	Dew Point Temperature	Degrees C	999.0
5	5	F5.1	Relative Humidity	Percent	999.0
6	6	F6.1	U Wind Component	Meters / Second	9999.0
7	6	F6.1	V Wind Component	Meters / Second	9999.0
8	5	F5.1	Wind Speed	Meters / Second	999.0
9	5	F5.1	Wind Direction	Degrees	999.0
10	5	F5.1	Ascent Rate	Meters / Second	999.0
11	8	F8.3	Longitude	Degrees	9999.0
12	7	F7.3	Latitude	Degrees	999.0
13	5	F5.1	Elevation Angle	Degrees	999.0
14	5	F5.1	Azimuth Angle	Degrees	999.0
15	7	F7.1	Altitude	Meters	99999.0
16	4	F4.1	QC for Pressure	Code (see below)	99.0
17	4	F4.1	QC for Temperature	Code (see below)	99.0
18	4	F4.1	QC for Humidity	Code (see below)	99.0
19	4	F4.1	QC for U Wind Component	Code (see below)	99.0
20	4	F4.1	QC for V Wind Component	Code (see below)	99.0
21	4	F4.1	QC for Ascension Rate	Code (see below)	99.0

Fields 16 through 21 contain the Quality Control information derived at the NCAR Earth Observing Laboratory (NCAR/EOL). Any QC information from the original sounding is replaced by the following EOL codes:

Code	Description
99.0	Unchecked (QC information is "missing.") ("UNCHECKED")
1.0	Checked, datum seems physically reasonable. ("GOOD")
2.0	Checked, datum seems questionable on physical basis. ("MAYBE")
3.0	Checked, datum seems to be in error. ("BAD")
4.0	Checked, datum is interpolated. ("ESTIMATED")
9.0	Checked, datum was missing in original file. ("MISSING")

Sample Data

The following is a sample record of DYNAMO Indonesia Makassar High Resolution Radiosonde sounding data in ESC format. The data portion is much longer than 80 characters and, therefore, wraps around to a second line. See section 2.1 for an exact format specification.

Data Type:                         BMKG Radiosonde/Ascending
Project ID:                        DYNAMO
Release Site Type/Site ID:         Makassar, Indonesia/97180
Release Location (lon,lat,alt):    119 31.83'E, 05 03.80'S, 119.531, -5.063, 12.0
UTC Release Time (y,m,d,h,m,s):    2012, 03, 21, 23:50:14
Sonde Id/Sonde Type:               7112636/Meisei RS-06G
/
/
/
/
/
Nominal Release Time (y,m,d,h,m,s):2012, 03, 21, 23:50:14
 Time  Press  Temp  Dewpt  RH    Ucmp   Vcmp   spd   dir   Wcmp     Lon     Lat   Ele   Azi    Alt    Qp   Qt   Qrh  Qu   Qv   QdZ
  sec    mb     C     C     %     m/s    m/s   m/s   deg   m/s      deg     deg   deg   deg     m    code code code code code code
------ ------ ----- ----- ----- ------ ------ ----- ----- ----- -------- ------- ----- ----- ------- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
   0.0 1009.7  24.0  23.3  96.0    0.0    0.0   0.0   0.0 999.0  119.531  -5.064 999.0 999.0    12.0  3.0  3.0  3.0  1.0  1.0  9.0
   1.0 1009.3  24.9  22.6  87.2   -1.1    0.2   1.1  98.1   3.8  119.531  -5.064 999.0 999.0    15.8  3.0  3.0  3.0  1.0  1.0 99.0
   2.0 1008.5  24.9  22.8  88.0   -1.7   -1.1   2.0  57.3   6.3  119.531  -5.064 999.0 999.0    22.1  1.0  1.0  1.0  1.0  1.0 99.0
   3.0 1007.8  24.8  22.7  88.0   -2.4   -2.1   3.1  48.4   6.4  119.531  -5.064 999.0 999.0    28.5  1.0  1.0  1.0  1.0  1.0 99.0
   4.0 1007.0  24.7  22.6  88.2   -3.1   -1.2   3.3  69.1   7.1  119.531  -5.064 999.0 999.0    35.6  1.0  1.0  1.0  1.0  1.0 99.0
   5.0 1006.3  24.7  22.6  88.2   -3.2   -0.8   3.2  75.9   6.6  119.531  -5.064 999.0 999.0    42.2  1.0  1.0  1.0  1.0  1.0 99.0
   6.0 1005.5  24.6  22.4  87.7   -2.3   -2.3   3.2  45.1   6.3  119.531  -5.064 999.0 999.0    48.5  1.0  1.0  1.0  1.0  1.0 99.0
   7.0 1004.8  24.6  22.5  88.1   -2.8   -2.5   3.8  48.0   6.6  119.530  -5.064 999.0 999.0    55.1  1.0  1.0  1.0  1.0  1.0 99.0
   8.0 1004.1  24.6  22.5  88.1   -3.2   -1.3   3.4  67.4   5.8  119.530  -5.064 999.0 999.0    60.9  2.0  1.0  1.0  1.0  1.0 99.0
   9.0 1003.0  24.5  22.4  88.0   -2.8   -0.9   3.0  73.2   9.5  119.530  -5.064 999.0 999.0    70.4  2.0  1.0  1.0  1.0  1.0 99.0
  10.0 1001.8  24.4  22.3  88.2   -2.4   -0.3   2.4  83.6  10.4  119.530  -5.064 999.0 999.0    80.8  1.0  1.0  1.0  1.0  1.0 99.0
  11.0 1000.9  24.4  22.1  87.0   -2.5    0.2   2.5  94.5   8.5  119.530  -5.064 999.0 999.0    89.3  2.0  2.0  2.0  1.0  1.0 99.0
  12.0 1000.0  25.1  22.6  85.8   -2.4    0.1   2.4  91.5   7.7  119.530  -5.064 999.0 999.0    97.0  2.0  2.0  2.0  1.0  1.0 99.0
  13.0  998.9  25.4  22.7  85.1   -2.0    0.5   2.0 104.0  10.0  119.530  -5.064 999.0 999.0   107.0  2.0  2.0  2.0  1.0  1.0 99.0
  14.0  997.5  26.0  23.2  84.6   -2.0    0.7   2.1 109.1  11.9  119.530  -5.064 999.0 999.0   118.9  2.0  2.0  2.0  1.0  1.0 99.0
  15.0  996.4  26.2  23.4  84.7   -2.0    0.7   2.1 108.8  10.2  119.530  -5.064 999.0 999.0   129.1  1.0  1.0  1.0  1.0  1.0 99.0
  16.0  995.1  26.4  23.6  84.7   -1.7    0.9   1.9 117.0  11.2  119.530  -5.064 999.0 999.0   140.3  1.0  1.0  1.0  1.0  1.0 99.0
  17.0  994.0  26.5  23.7  84.6   -1.3    0.9   1.6 123.9   9.9  119.530  -5.064 999.0 999.0   150.2  1.0  1.0  1.0  1.0  1.0 99.0
  18.0  992.9  26.5  23.7  84.5   -1.2    0.8   1.5 121.8   9.5  119.530  -5.064 999.0 999.0   159.7  1.0  1.0  1.0  1.0  1.0 99.0
  19.0  991.9  26.5  23.5  83.8   -1.4    0.6   1.5 111.5   9.3  119.530  -5.064 999.0 999.0   169.0  1.0  1.0  1.0  1.0  1.0 99.0
  20.0  991.0  26.6  23.6  83.4   -1.4    0.7   1.6 117.6   8.6  119.530  -5.064 999.0 999.0   177.6  1.0  1.0  1.0  1.0  1.0 99.0
  21.0  989.9  26.5  23.3  82.8   -1.4    1.2   1.9 129.1   9.2  119.530  -5.063 999.0 999.0   186.8  1.0  1.0  1.0  1.0  1.0 99.0
  22.0  989.0  26.5  23.3  82.8   -1.5    0.8   1.7 118.7   8.0 9999.000 999.000 999.0 999.0   194.8  1.0  1.0  1.0  1.0  1.0 99.0
  23.0  988.0  26.5  23.3  82.7   -1.6    1.3   2.1 128.0   9.0  119.530  -5.063 999.0 999.0   203.8  1.0  1.0  1.0  1.0  1.0 99.0
  24.0  987.3  26.4  23.2  82.7   -1.4    1.3   1.9 133.6   6.9  119.530  -5.063 999.0 999.0   210.7  1.0  1.0  1.0  1.0  1.0 99.0
  25.0  986.3  26.4  23.2  82.7   -1.0    1.3   1.7 141.7   8.5  119.530  -5.063 999.0 999.0   219.2  1.0  1.0  1.0  1.0  1.0 99.0
  26.0  985.6  26.3  23.2  82.9   -1.1    1.0   1.5 131.0   6.8  119.530  -5.063 999.0 999.0   226.0  1.0  1.0  1.0  1.0  1.0 99.0
  27.0  984.6  26.3  23.1  82.7   -1.0    0.8   1.3 128.2   8.4  119.530  -5.063 999.0 999.0   234.4  1.0  1.0  1.0  1.0  1.0 99.0
  28.0  983.9  26.2  23.0  82.6   -1.1    0.9   1.4 130.2   6.5 9999.000 999.000 999.0 999.0   240.9  1.0  1.0  1.0  1.0  1.0 99.0
:
:
:

2.2 Data Remarks

Version 1 of this Makassar L3.1 data set was released 30 December 2013 and included the application of theL3.0 PDF matching and correction for the relative humidity discontinuity at the 0C level as well as the L3.1 adjustment to reduce the temperature discontinuity at 300 hPa. These adjustments were applied by Kunio Yoneyama of JAMSTEC. There are records in the headers of files where these adjustments have been applied.

Version 2 of this Makassar L3.1 data set was released 20 May 2014 by Kunio Yoneyama of JAMSTEC. For Level 3.0 data, corrections of humidity have been applied with two methods. One is a CDF matching based on the intercomparison of Vaisala RS92 and Meisei onboard the Mirai, and the second is a correction for the RH discontinuity at the 0C level following a method provided by Sugidachi and Fujiwara (2013). These corrections are indicated as "CDF Matching" and "RH Discontinuity at 0C (Sugidachi & Fujiwara 2013)", respectively, in the header line 7-8. Details can be found in Ciesielski et al. (2014). In addition to the corrections applied to produce Level 3.0 data, temperature discontinuity at around 300hPa is corrected. Meisei radiosonde receiving system has a software which reduces the influence of solar radiation reflected from the sensor package, which is originally set to act from 300hPa level. Actually, it forces the reduction of temperature at and above 300hPa. In particular, this feature is found not only for daytime sounding but also for nighttime sounding, indicating too much reduction. This is because the software reduces the temperature regardless with actual condition and launch time, while the soundings over the Indonesian Maritime Continent are typically conducted in the local morning and evening time, when the errors caused by solar radiation are expected to be small. Therefore, by assuming that temperature lapse rate is close to the mean value between just below/above layers, the difference of lapse rate from the mean is calculated, and the temperature difference deduced from the lapse rate difference is added to the observed values (typical value is about 0.2C). When this correction is applied, "Ta discontinuity at 300hPa" is indicated in the header line 9.

2.3 Station List

ID	SITE	COUNTRY	LONG	LAT	ELEV (m)
Makassar	97180	Indonesia	119.531	-5.063	12.0

3.0 Quality Control Processing

This dataset underwent an automated QC process. The dataset underwent internal consistency checks which included two types of checks, gross limit checks on all parameters and rate-of-change checks on temperature, pressure and ascension rate. Some further information on the QC processing conducted by NCAR/EOL can be found in Loehrer et al. (1996) and Loehrer et al. (1998).

3.1 Gross Limit Checks

These checks were conducted on each sounding and data were automatically flagged as appropriate. Only the data point under examination was flagged. NCAR/EOL conducted the following gross limit checks on the DYNAMO 2011-12 Indonesia Makassar sounding dataset. In the table P = pressure, T = temperature, RH = relative humidity, U = U wind component, V = V wind component, B = bad, and Q = questionable.

Parameter	Gross Limit Check	Parameter(s) Flagged	Flag Applied
Pressure	< 0 mb or > 1050 mb	P	B
Altitude	< 0 m or > 40000 m	P, T, RH	Q
Temperature	< -90 °C or > 45 °C	T	T
Dew Point	< -99.9 °C or > 33 °C > Temperature	RH T, RH	Q Q
Relative Humidity	< 0% or > 100%	RH	B
Wind Speed	< 0 m/s or > 100 m/s > 150 m/s	U, V U, V	Q B
U Wind Component	< 0 m/s or > 100 m/s > 150 m/s	U U	Q B
V Wind Component	< 0 m/s or > 100 m/s > 150 m/s	V V	Q B
Wind Direction	< 0° or > 360°	U, V	B
Ascent Rate	< -10 m/s or > 10 m/s	P, T, RH	Q

3.2 Vertical Consistency Checks

These checks were conducted on each sounding and data were automatically flagged as appropriate. These checks were started at the lowest level of the sounding and compared neighboring 1-sec data points (except at pressures less than 100 mb where 30-sec average values were used). In the case of checks ensuring that the values increased/decreased as expected, only the data point under examination was flagged. However, for the other checks, all of the data points used in the examination were flagged. All items within the table are as previously defined.

Parameter	Vertical Consitency Check	Parameter(s) Flagged	Flag Applied
Time	decreasing / equal	None	None
Altitude	decreasing / equal	P, T, RH	Q
Pressure	increasing / equal > 1 mb/s or < -1 mb/s > 2 mb/s or < -2 mb/s	P, T, RH P, T, RH P, T, RH	Q Q B
Temperature	< -15 °C/km < -30 °C/km > 50 °C/km (not applied at p < 250 mb) >100 °C/km (not applied at p < 2 50 mb)	P, T, RH P, T, RH P, T, RH P, T, RH	Q B Q B
Ascent Rate	change of > 3 m/s or & lt; -3 m/s change of > 5 m/s or < -5 m/s	P P	Q B

3.3 Visual Quality Checks

Each sounding was visually examined for data quality issues. Any issues found were flagged in the data file and/or noted in Section 3.4.

3.4 Data Quality Issues

3.4.1 Incorrect Release Time

The sounding release time provided in many of the raw data files was incorrect and thus much pre-release data were labeled as post-release. These release times were not automatically determined, but rather manually by the operator and is typically before the actual release time. For this L2 version of the Makassar data set the first record in the file is the independent surface data point. The data from the radiosonde were not included in the file until the point where the radiosonde pressure remained consistently below the independent surface pressure.

3.4.2 Falling Radiosonde Data

Many raw data files included data from the falling radiosonde after balloon burst. These falling records at the end of the soundings have been removed from this L2 data set.

3.4.3 Noisy Temperature Data

Many of the soundings exhibit noise in the temperature data for varying portions of the sounding. The noise varies from minor to quite substantial, and typically stops or greatly decreases at ~290mb. The most significant issues are in the 00 UTC releases. The initial thought from JAMSTEC is that this may be due to the sensor boom not being set properly at release. The issue is being examined. A couple of examples of this issue can be found in the soundings at:

201110030009
201110222333

3.4.4 Near Surface Wind Data

The winds in the lowest 5-10 mb are somewhat erratic and there are sometimes spikes in the wind speed.

3.4.5 Other issues

201110171130 - limited RH data
201201072330 - period of very high ascent rates starts at ~260mb, followed by period of descent. Data reasonable on second pass through 220mb.
201202111137 - temperature and RH a constant zero for entire sounding.

3.4.7 Possible Dry Bias Above 0C Level

According to JAMSTEC their University colleagues have noticed an artificial error for the RH data above the 0C level. It seems that Meisei adopted a correction scheme for a wet bias found in their data, but the scheme has a discontinuity at OC by 3%. As a result there is a discontinuous gap at 0C and it now makes it dry above this point. The University colleagues are developing a correction scheme and JAMSTEC will determine its validity for the DYNAMO Meisei data. This was corrected in this L3.0 version of the data.

4.0 References

Ciesielski, P. E., H. Yu, R. H. Johnson, K. Yoneyama, M. Katsumata, C. N. Long, J. Wang, S. M. Loehrer, K. Young, S. F. Williams, W. Brown, J. Braun, T. Van Hove, 2014: Quality-controlled upper-air sounding dataset for DYNAMO/CINDY/AMIE: Development and corrections. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 31, 741-764.

Loehrer, S. M., T. A. Edmands, and J. A. Moore, 1996: TOGA COARE upper-air sounding data archive: development and quality control procedures. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 2651-2671.

Loehrer, S. M., S. F. Williams, and J. A. Moore, 1998: Results from UCAR/JOSS quality control of atmospheric soundings from field projects. Preprints, Tenth Symposium on Meteorological Observations and Instrumentation, Phoenix, AZ, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 1-6.

Sugidachi, T., and M. Fujiwara, 2013: Corection of the stepwise change observed at 0C in Meisei RS2-91, RS-01G, and RS-06G radiosonde relative humidity profiles. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 91, 323-336.