This data set includes 421 high vertical resolution soundings from Padang, Indonesia (WMO 96163) collected during the DYNAMO field campaign for 2011-12. Soundings were typically released twice daily at 00 and 12 UTC during October and November 2011 and January through March 2012 and four times daily at 00, 06, 12, and 18 UTC during December 2011. The station utilized Meisei RS-06G radiosondes. These soundings were provided by JAMSTEC. This L3.1 version of the data set was released 20 May 2014. It includes the L3.0 corrections (application of PDF matching and correction for the relative humidity discontinuity at the 0C level) as well a correction for reducing the temperature discontinuity at around 300 hPa. These adjustments were applied by JAMSTEC.
Scot Loehrer
NCAR/EOL
loehrer@ucar.edu
All upper air soundings were converted to National Center for Atmospheric Research/Earth Observing Laboratory (NCAR/EOL) Sounding Composite Format (ESC). ESC is a version of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) CLASS format and is an ASCII format consisting of 15 header records for each sounding followed by the data records with associated QC information.
The header records (15 total records) contain data type, project ID, site ID, site location, release time, sonde type, and meteorological and wind data processors. The first five header lines contain information identifying the sounding, and have a rigidly defined form. The following 7 header lines are used for auxiliary information and comments about the sounding, and may vary from dataset to dataset. The last 3 header records contain header information for the data columns. Line 13 holds the field names, line 14 the field units, and line 15 contains dashes ('-' characters) delineating the extent of the field.
The five standard header lines are as follows:
| Line | Label (padded to 35 char) | Contents |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Data Type: | Description of type and resolution of data. |
| 2 | Project ID: | Id of weather project. |
| 3 | Release Site Type/Site ID: | Description of the release site. |
| 4 | Release Location (lon,lat,alt): | Position of release site in the format described below. |
| 5 | UTC Release Time (y,m,d,h,m,s): | Time of release, in the format: yyyy, mm, dd, hh:mm:ss |
The release location is given as: lon (deg min), lat (deg min), lon (dec. deg), lat (dec. deg), alt (m)
Longitude in deg min is in the format: ddd mm.mm'W where ddd is the number of degrees from True North (with leading zeros if necessary), mm.mm is the decimal number of minutes, and W represents W or E for west or east longitude, respectively. Latitude has the same format as longitude, except there are only two digits for degrees and N or S for north/south latitude. The decimal equivalent of longitude and latitude and station elevation follow.
The seven non-standard header lines may contain any label and contents. The labels are padded to 35 characters to match the standard header lines. Records for this dataset include the following non-standard header lines.
| Line | Label (padded to 35 char) | Contents |
|---|---|---|
| 6 | Sonde Id/Sonde Type: | 7111134/Meisei RS-06G |
| 7 | ||
| 8 | ||
| 9 | ||
| 10 | ||
| 11 | ||
| 12 | Nominal Release Time (y,m,d,h,m,s): | Nominal time of release, in the format: yyyy, mm, dd, hh:mm:ss |
The data records each contain time from release, pressure, temperature, dew point, relative humidity, U and V wind components, wind speed and direction, ascent rate, balloon position data, altitude, and quality control flags (see the QC code description). Each data line contains 21 fields, separated by spaces, with a total width of 130 characters. The data are right-justified within the fields. All fields have one decimal place of precision, with the exception of latitude and longitude, which have three decimal places of precision. The contents and sizes of the 21 fields that appear in each data record are as follows:
| Field No. | Width | Format | Parameter | Units | Missing Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6 | F6.1 | Time | Seconds | 9999.0 |
| 2 | 6 | F6.1 | Pressure | Millibars | 9999.0 |
| 3 | 5 | F5.1 | Dry-bulb Temperature | Degrees C | 999.0 |
| 4 | 5 | F5.1 | Dew Point Temperature | Degrees C | 999.0 |
| 5 | 5 | F5.1 | Relative Humidity | Percent | 999.0 |
| 6 | 6 | F6.1 | U Wind Component | Meters / Second | 9999.0 |
| 7 | 6 | F6.1 | V Wind Component | Meters / Second | 9999.0 |
| 8 | 5 | F5.1 | Wind Speed | Meters / Second | 999.0 |
| 9 | 5 | F5.1 | Wind Direction | Degrees | 999.0 |
| 10 | 5 | F5.1 | Ascent Rate | Meters / Second | 999.0 |
| 11 | 8 | F8.3 | Longitude | Degrees | 9999.0 |
| 12 | 7 | F7.3 | Latitude | Degrees | 999.0 |
| 13 | 5 | F5.1 | Elevation Angle | Degrees | 999.0 |
| 14 | 5 | F5.1 | Azimuth Angle | Degrees | 999.0 |
| 15 | 7 | F7.1 | Altitude | Meters | 99999.0 |
| 16 | 4 | F4.1 | QC for Pressure | Code (see below) | 99.0 |
| 17 | 4 | F4.1 | QC for Temperature | Code (see below) | 99.0 |
| 18 | 4 | F4.1 | QC for Humidity | Code (see below) | 99.0 |
| 19 | 4 | F4.1 | QC for U Wind Component | Code (see below) | 99.0 |
| 20 | 4 | F4.1 | QC for V Wind Component | Code (see below) | 99.0 |
| 21 | 4 | F4.1 | QC for Ascension Rate | Code (see below) | 99.0 |
Fields 16 through 21 contain the Quality Control information derived at the NCAR Earth Observing Laboratory (NCAR/EOL). Any QC information from the original sounding is replaced by the following EOL codes:
| Code | Description |
|---|---|
| 99.0 | Unchecked (QC information is "missing.") ("UNCHECKED") |
| 1.0 | Checked, datum seems physically reasonable. ("GOOD") |
| 2.0 | Checked, datum seems questionable on physical basis. ("MAYBE") |
| 3.0 | Checked, datum seems to be in error. ("BAD") |
| 4.0 | Checked, datum is interpolated. ("ESTIMATED") |
| 9.0 | Checked, datum was missing in original file. ("MISSING") |
The following is a sample record of DYNAMO Indonesia Padang High Resolution Radiosonde sounding data in ESC format. The data portion is much longer than 80 characters and, therefore, wraps around to a second line. See section 2.1 for an exact format specification.
Data Type: BMKG Radiosonde/Ascending Project ID: DYNAMO Release Site Type/Site ID: Padang, Indonesia/96163 Release Location (lon,lat,alt): 100 21.18'E, 00 53.05'S, 100.353, -0.884, 2.0 UTC Release Time (y,m,d,h,m,s): 2012, 02, 18, 11:30:04 Sonde Id/Sonde Type: 7111134/Meisei RS-06G / / / / / Nominal Release Time (y,m,d,h,m,s):2012, 02, 18, 11:30:04 Time Press Temp Dewpt RH Ucmp Vcmp spd dir Wcmp Lon Lat Ele Azi Alt Qp Qt Qrh Qu Qv QdZ sec mb C C % m/s m/s m/s deg m/s deg deg deg deg m code code code code code code ------ ------ ----- ----- ----- ------ ------ ----- ----- ----- -------- ------- ----- ----- ------- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- 0.0 1008.5 27.4 23.9 81.0 0.6 -0.4 0.7 301.0 999.0 100.353 -0.884 999.0 999.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 9.0 9.0 1007.4 27.3 22.0 72.8 1.5 -3.9 4.2 339.4 1.5 100.353 -0.884 999.0 999.0 11.4 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 99.0 10.0 1006.8 27.2 21.9 72.8 2.6 -4.5 5.2 329.9 5.6 100.353 -0.884 999.0 999.0 17.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 99.0 11.0 1006.3 27.1 21.8 72.8 3.7 -4.7 6.0 321.6 4.4 100.353 -0.884 999.0 999.0 21.4 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 99.0 12.0 1005.7 27.0 21.8 73.0 4.3 -4.4 6.1 315.5 5.5 100.353 -0.884 999.0 999.0 26.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 99.0 13.0 1005.2 26.9 21.7 73.2 4.6 -4.6 6.5 314.8 4.4 100.353 -0.884 999.0 999.0 31.3 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 99.0 14.0 1004.5 26.8 21.7 73.8 5.0 -4.7 6.9 313.8 5.8 100.353 -0.885 999.0 999.0 37.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 99.0 15.0 1004.0 26.7 21.6 73.8 5.7 -5.4 7.9 313.6 4.5 100.353 -0.885 999.0 999.0 41.6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 99.0 16.0 1003.3 26.7 21.6 73.8 5.4 -6.0 8.1 317.7 6.2 100.353 -0.885 999.0 999.0 47.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 99.0 17.0 1002.7 26.7 21.6 73.8 5.6 -6.6 8.7 319.4 5.7 100.353 -0.885 999.0 999.0 53.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 99.0 18.0 1002.0 26.6 21.6 74.1 6.3 -6.9 9.3 317.8 6.0 100.353 -0.885 999.0 999.0 59.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 99.0 19.0 1001.3 26.5 21.5 74.1 6.8 -6.6 9.5 314.5 6.1 100.353 -0.885 999.0 999.0 65.6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 99.0 20.0 1000.6 26.5 21.5 74.2 6.3 -6.5 9.0 316.1 6.4 100.353 -0.885 999.0 999.0 72.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 99.0 : : :
Version 2 of this Padang L3.1 data set was released 20 May 2014 by Kunio Yoneyama of JAMSTEC. For Level 3.0 data, corrections of humidity have been applied with two methods. One is a CDF matching based on the intercomparison of Vaisala RS92 and Meisei onboard the Mirai, and the second is a correction for the RH discontinuity at the 0C level following a method provided by Sugidachi and Fujiwara (2013). These corrections are indicated as "CDF Matching" and "RH Discontinuity at 0C (Sugidachi & Fujiwara 2013)", respectively, in the header line 7-8. Details can be found in Ciesielski et al. (2014). In addition to the corrections applied to produce Level 3.0 data, temperature discontinuity at around 300hPa is corrected. Meisei radiosonde receiving system has a software which reduces the influence of solar radiation reflected from the sensor package, which is originally set to act from 300hPa level. Actually, it forces the reduction of temperature at and above 300hPa. In particular, this feature is found not only for daytime sounding but also for nighttime sounding, indicating too much reduction. This is because the software reduces the temperature regardless with actual condition and launch time, while the soundings over the Indonesian Maritime Continent are typically conducted in the local morning and evening time, when the errors caused by solar radiation are expected to be small. Therefore, by assuming that temperature lapse rate is close to the mean value between just below/above layers, the difference of lapse rate from the mean is calculated, and the temperature difference deduced from the lapse rate difference is added to the observed values (typical value is about 0.2C). When this correction is applied, "Ta discontinuity at 300hPa" is indicated in the header line 9.
| ID | SITE | COUNTRY | LONG | LAT | ELEV (m) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Padang | 96163 | Indonesia | 100.353 | -0.884 | 2.0 |
This dataset underwent an automated QC process. The dataset underwent internal consistency checks which included two types of checks, gross limit checks on all parameters and rate-of-change checks on temperature, pressure and ascension rate. Some further information on the QC processing conducted by NCAR/EOL can be found in Loehrer et al. (1996) and Loehrer et al. (1998).
These checks were conducted on each sounding and data were automatically flagged as appropriate. Only the data point under examination was flagged. NCAR/EOL conducted the following gross limit checks on the DYNAMO 2011-12 Indonesia Padang sounding dataset. In the table P = pressure, T = temperature, RH = relative humidity, U = U wind component, V = V wind component, B = bad, and Q = questionable.
| Parameter | Gross Limit Check | Parameter(s) Flagged | Flag Applied |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pressure | < 0 mb or > 1050 mb | P | B |
| Altitude | < 0 m or > 40000 m | P, T, RH | Q |
| Temperature | < -90 °C or > 45 °C | T | T |
| Dew Point | < -99.9 °C or > 33 °C > Temperature |
RH T, RH | Q Q |
| Relative Humidity | < 0% or > 100% | RH | B |
| Wind Speed | < 0 m/s or > 100 m/s > 150 m/s |
U, V U, V | Q B |
| U Wind Component | < 0 m/s or > 100 m/s > 150 m/s |
U U | Q B |
| V Wind Component | < 0 m/s or > 100 m/s > 150 m/s |
V V | Q B |
| Wind Direction | < 0° or > 360° | U, V | B |
| Ascent Rate | < -10 m/s or > 10 m/s | P, T, RH | Q |
These checks were conducted on each sounding and data were automatically flagged as appropriate. These checks were started at the lowest level of the sounding and compared neighboring 2-sec data points (except at pressures less than 100 mb where 30-sec average values were used). In the case of checks ensuring that the values increased/decreased as expected, only the data point under examination was flagged. However, for the other checks, all of the data points used in the examination were flagged. All items within the table are as previously defined.
| Parameter | Vertical Consitency Check | Parameter(s) Flagged | Flag Applied |
|---|---|---|---|
| Time | decreasing / equal | None | None |
| Altitude | decreasing / equal | P, T, RH | Q |
| Pressure | increasing / equal > 1 mb/s or < -1 mb/s > 2 mb/s or < -2 mb/s |
P, T, RH P, T, RH P, T, RH | Q Q B |
| Temperature | < -15 °C/km < -30 °C/km > 50 °C/km (not applied at p < 250 mb) >100 °C/km (not applied at p < 2 50 mb) |
P, T, RH P, T, RH P, T, RH P, T, RH |
Q B Q B |
| Ascent Rate | change of > 3 m/s or & lt; -3 m/s change of > 5 m/s or < -5 m/s |
P P | Q B |
Each sounding was visually examined for data quality issues. Any issues found were flagged in the data file and/or noted in Section 3.4.
201110252330
201112030530
201110042330 (6mb)
201110072330 (12mb)
201112041730 (15mb)
201112090530 (5mb)
201112092330 (12mb)
201112130530 (5mb)
201112241130 (12mb)
201201112330 (6mb)
201202011130 (6mb)
201202111130 (14mb)
201203031130 (9mb)
201203072332 (29mb)
201203311130 (12mb)
201110012330 - limited temperature and RH data
201110152330 - limited bad temperature and RH data from sfc to ~320mb.
201111021134 - probably balloon icing with period of descent around 0C level
201111051130 - period of very high ascent rates ~240-190mb followed by period of descent from ~190 to 198mb. temperature too warm during period
of ascent, returns where it should be by end of descent. Probably pressure data problem.
201111071156 - limited RH data
201112240530 - limited temperature and RH data
201202242330 - limited RH data
201202262330 - limited RH data
201203071130 - limited temperature and RH data
201203112330 - limited RH data
Ciesielski, P. E., H. Yu, R. H. Johnson, K. Yoneyama, M. Katsumata, C. N. Long, J. Wang, S. M. Loehrer, K. Young, S. F. Williams, W. Brown, J. Braun, T. Van Hove, 2014: Quality-controlled upper-air sounding dataset for DYNAMO/CINDY/AMIE: Development and corrections. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 31, 741-764.
Loehrer, S. M., T. A. Edmands, and J. A. Moore, 1996: TOGA COARE upper-air sounding data archive: development and quality control procedures. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 2651-2671.
Loehrer, S. M., S. F. Williams, and J. A. Moore, 1998: Results from UCAR/JOSS quality control of atmospheric soundings from field projects. Preprints, Tenth Symposium on Meteorological Observations and Instrumentation, Phoenix, AZ, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 1-6.
Sugidachi, T., and M. Fujiwara, 2013: Corection of the stepwise change observed at 0C in Meisei RS2-91, RS-01G, and RS-06G radiosonde relative humidity profiles. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 91, 323-336.