This data set includes 364 high vertical resolution soundings from Merauke, Indonesia (WMO 97980) collected during the DYNAMO field campaign for 2011-12. Soundings were typically released twice daily at 00 and 12 UTC from 30 September 2011 to 31 March 2012. The station utilized Meisei RS-06G radiosondes. These soundings were provided by JAMSTEC. This L3.2 version of the data set was released 20 May 2014. It includes the L3.0 corrections (application of PDF matching and correction for the relative humidity discontinuity at the 0C level), the L3.1 correction for reducing the temperature discontinuity at around 300 hPa and the additional L3.2 corrections of setting suspicious zero surface winds to missing and a correction for reducing erroneous heating/cooling data in daytime/nighttime soundings. These adjustments were applied by JAMSTEC.
Scot Loehrer
NCAR/EOL
loehrer@ucar.edu
All upper air soundings were converted to National Center for Atmospheric Research/Earth Observing Laboratory (NCAR/EOL) Sounding Composite Format (ESC). ESC is a version of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) CLASS format and is an ASCII format consisting of 15 header records for each sounding followed by the data records with associated QC information.
The header records (15 total records) contain data type, project ID, site ID, site location, release time, sonde type, and meteorological and wind data processors. The first five header lines contain information identifying the sounding, and have a rigidly defined form. The following 7 header lines are used for auxiliary information and comments about the sounding, and may vary from dataset to dataset. The last 3 header records contain header information for the data columns. Line 13 holds the field names, line 14 the field units, and line 15 contains dashes ('-' characters) delineating the extent of the field.
The five standard header lines are as follows:
| Line | Label (padded to 35 char) | Contents |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Data Type: | Description of type and resolution of data. |
| 2 | Project ID: | Id of weather project. |
| 3 | Release Site Type/Site ID: | Description of the release site. |
| 4 | Release Location (lon,lat,alt): | Position of release site in the format described below. |
| 5 | UTC Release Time (y,m,d,h,m,s): | Time of release, in the format: yyyy, mm, dd, hh:mm:ss |
The release location is given as: lon (deg min), lat (deg min), lon (dec. deg), lat (dec. deg), alt (m)
Longitude in deg min is in the format: ddd mm.mm'W where ddd is the number of degrees from True North (with leading zeros if necessary), mm.mm is the decimal number of minutes, and W represents W or E for west or east longitude, respectively. Latitude has the same format as longitude, except there are only two digits for degrees and N or S for north/south latitude. The decimal equivalent of longitude and latitude and station elevation follow.
The seven non-standard header lines may contain any label and contents. The labels are padded to 35 characters to match the standard header lines. Records for this dataset include the following non-standard header lines.
| Line | Label (padded to 35 char) | Contents |
|---|---|---|
| 6 | Sonde Id/Sonde Type: | 7113343/Meisei RS-06G |
| 7 | ||
| 8 | ||
| 9 | ||
| 10 | ||
| 11 | ||
| 12 | Nominal Release Time (y,m,d,h,m,s): | Nominal time of release, in the format: yyyy, mm, dd, hh:mm:ss |
The data records each contain time from release, pressure, temperature, dew point, relative humidity, U and V wind components, wind speed and direction, ascent rate, balloon position data, altitude, and quality control flags (see the QC code description). Each data line contains 21 fields, separated by spaces, with a total width of 130 characters. The data are right-justified within the fields. All fields have one decimal place of precision, with the exception of latitude and longitude, which have three decimal places of precision. The contents and sizes of the 21 fields that appear in each data record are as follows:
| Field No. | Width | Format | Parameter | Units | Missing Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6 | F6.1 | Time | Seconds | 9999.0 |
| 2 | 6 | F6.1 | Pressure | Millibars | 9999.0 |
| 3 | 5 | F5.1 | Dry-bulb Temperature | Degrees C | 999.0 |
| 4 | 5 | F5.1 | Dew Point Temperature | Degrees C | 999.0 |
| 5 | 5 | F5.1 | Relative Humidity | Percent | 999.0 |
| 6 | 6 | F6.1 | U Wind Component | Meters / Second | 9999.0 |
| 7 | 6 | F6.1 | V Wind Component | Meters / Second | 9999.0 |
| 8 | 5 | F5.1 | Wind Speed | Meters / Second | 999.0 |
| 9 | 5 | F5.1 | Wind Direction | Degrees | 999.0 |
| 10 | 5 | F5.1 | Ascent Rate | Meters / Second | 999.0 |
| 11 | 8 | F8.3 | Longitude | Degrees | 9999.0 |
| 12 | 7 | F7.3 | Latitude | Degrees | 999.0 |
| 13 | 5 | F5.1 | Elevation Angle | Degrees | 999.0 |
| 14 | 5 | F5.1 | Azimuth Angle | Degrees | 999.0 |
| 15 | 7 | F7.1 | Altitude | Meters | 99999.0 |
| 16 | 4 | F4.1 | QC for Pressure | Code (see below) | 99.0 |
| 17 | 4 | F4.1 | QC for Temperature | Code (see below) | 99.0 |
| 18 | 4 | F4.1 | QC for Humidity | Code (see below) | 99.0 |
| 19 | 4 | F4.1 | QC for U Wind Component | Code (see below) | 99.0 |
| 20 | 4 | F4.1 | QC for V Wind Component | Code (see below) | 99.0 |
| 21 | 4 | F4.1 | QC for Ascension Rate | Code (see below) | 99.0 |
Fields 16 through 21 contain the Quality Control information derived at the NCAR Earth Observing Laboratory (NCAR/EOL). Any QC information from the original sounding is replaced by the following EOL codes:
| Code | Description |
|---|---|
| 99.0 | Unchecked (QC information is "missing.") ("UNCHECKED") |
| 1.0 | Checked, datum seems physically reasonable. ("GOOD") |
| 2.0 | Checked, datum seems questionable on physical basis. ("MAYBE") |
| 3.0 | Checked, datum seems to be in error. ("BAD") |
| 4.0 | Checked, datum is interpolated. ("ESTIMATED") |
| 9.0 | Checked, datum was missing in original file. ("MISSING") |
The following is a sample record of DYNAMO Indonesia Merauke High Resolution Radiosonde sounding data in ESC format. The data portion is much longer than 80 characters and, therefore, wraps around to a second line. See section 2.1 for an exact format specification.
Data Type: BMKG Radiosonde/Ascending Project ID: DYNAMO Release Site Type/Site ID: Merauke, Indonesia/97980 Release Location (lon,lat,alt): 140 24.85'E, 08 31.12'S, 140.414, -8.519, 3.0 UTC Release Time (y,m,d,h,m,s): 2012, 03, 03, 11:13:31 Sonde Id/Sonde Type: 7113343/Meisei RS-06G / / / / / Nominal Release Time (y,m,d,h,m,s):2012, 03, 03, 11:13:31 Time Press Temp Dewpt RH Ucmp Vcmp spd dir Wcmp Lon Lat Ele Azi Alt Qp Qt Qrh Qu Qv QdZ sec mb C C % m/s m/s m/s deg m/s deg deg deg deg m code code code code code code ------ ------ ----- ----- ----- ------ ------ ----- ----- ----- -------- ------- ----- ----- ------- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- 0.0 1005.1 27.3 24.9 87.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 999.0 140.414 -8.518 999.0 999.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 1.0 1.0 9.0 1.0 1005.0 26.3 24.7 90.9 -0.9 -1.2 1.6 37.2 0.5 140.414 -8.518 999.0 999.0 3.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 1.0 1.0 99.0 2.0 1004.4 26.3 24.7 91.1 -1.4 -0.3 1.4 78.2 5.3 9999.000 999.000 999.0 999.0 8.8 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 99.0 3.0 1004.0 26.2 24.7 91.5 -1.1 0.3 1.1 106.1 3.6 140.414 -8.519 999.0 999.0 12.4 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 99.0 4.0 1003.4 26.1 24.7 91.8 -0.3 -0.1 0.4 67.6 5.1 140.414 -8.519 999.0 999.0 17.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 99.0 5.0 1003.0 26.1 24.7 92.0 0.0 -0.3 0.3 358.5 4.4 140.414 -8.519 999.0 999.0 21.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 99.0 6.0 1002.2 26.1 24.7 92.1 -0.7 0.3 0.8 111.6 7.1 140.414 -8.519 999.0 999.0 29.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 99.0 7.0 1001.6 26.2 24.7 91.2 -1.5 0.5 1.6 109.9 5.2 140.414 -8.519 999.0 999.0 34.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 99.0 8.0 1001.0 26.3 24.7 90.7 -1.6 0.8 1.8 116.6 5.1 9999.000 999.000 999.0 999.0 39.3 3.0 3.0 3.0 1.0 1.0 99.0 9.0 1001.0 26.5 24.8 90.6 -1.9 1.5 2.4 128.4 0.2 140.414 -8.519 999.0 999.0 39.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 1.0 1.0 99.0 10.0 1000.8 26.6 24.9 90.3 -1.9 2.0 2.8 137.3 1.7 140.414 -8.518 999.0 999.0 41.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 99.0 11.0 1000.7 26.6 24.8 90.1 -1.6 2.4 2.9 146.3 0.6 140.414 -8.519 999.0 999.0 41.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 99.0 12.0 1000.5 26.6 24.8 89.8 -1.5 2.9 3.2 151.9 1.9 140.414 -8.519 999.0 999.0 43.7 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 99.0 13.0 1000.2 26.6 24.7 89.5 -1.9 3.4 3.9 151.0 2.4 9999.000 999.000 999.0 999.0 46.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 99.0 14.0 1000.0 26.6 24.7 89.1 -1.7 4.0 4.3 156.7 1.9 140.414 -8.518 999.0 999.0 48.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 99.0 : :
For L3.0 data, corrections of humidity have been applied with two methods. One is a CDF matching based on the intercomparison of Vaisala RS92 and Meisei onboard the Mirai, and the second is a correction for the RH discontinuity at the 0C level following a method provided by Sugidachi and Fujiwara (2013). These corrections are indicated as "CDF Matching" and "RH Discontinuity at 0C (Sugidachi & Fujiwara 2013)", respectively, in the header line 7-8. Details can be found in Ciesielski et al. (2014).
For the L3.1 data, in addition to the corrections applied to produce Level 3.0 data, temperature discontinuity at around 300hPa is corrected. Meisei radiosonde receiving system has a software which reduces the influence of solar radiation reflected from the sensor package, which is originally set to act from 300hPa level. Actually, it forces the reduction of temperature at and above 300hPa. In particular, this feature is found not only for daytime sounding but also for nighttime sounding, indicating too much reduction. This is because the software reduces the temperature regardless with actual condition and launch time, while the soundings over the Indonesian Maritime Continent are typically conducted in the local morning and evening time, when the errors caused by solar radiation are expected to be small. Therefore, by assuming that temperature lapse rate is close to the mean value between just below/above layers, the difference of lapse rate from the mean is calculated, and the temperature difference deduced from the lapse rate difference is added to the observed values (typical value is about 0.2C). When this correction is applied, "Ta discontinuity at 300hPa" is indicated in the header line 9.
For this L3.2 data, in addition to the corrections applied to produce L3.0 and L3.1 data, two additional corrections have been applied. At some Indonesian sounding sites, the operators enter the wind data of 0m/s, 0deg as the initial value regardless with actual wind condition. Thus, if the wind data of first point, which is manually recorded by the operator, is 0m/s, 0deg, and any of the first three data, which are the value measured by a Radiosonde, exceeds 0.5m/s, we judge the surface wind data is suspicious, and have replaced them with 999m/s and 999deg, indicating missing values. Another correction scheme is meant for reduction of erroneous heating/cooling data in daytime/nighttime soundings. Since the observation was carried out on land, there are possible that large heating/cooling may happen near the ground surface. However, we found wrong cases. For example, while we confirmed a good agreement between T/RH values measured using a calibrated handy sensor and that of radiosonde, only surface meteorological data measured independently shows quite different value. On the one hand, radiosonde sensor is exposed under the sun prior to launch at some sites, which might cause sensor arm heating. This may also be partly due to the launch site infrastructure condition, where the site is surrounded by buildings. Therefore, near surface (surface ~ 40m) T/RH values are replaced with the data obtained from linear extrapolation using above layer data following Yoneyama et al. (2002). These corrections are indicated in the header as "Missing Surface Wind" and "Surface Heating/Cooling (Yoneyama et al. 2002)", respectively.
| ID | SITE | COUNTRY | LONG | LAT | ELEV (m) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Merauke | 97980 | Indonesia | 140.414 | -8.519 | 3.0 |
This dataset underwent an automated QC process. The dataset underwent internal consistency checks which included two types of checks, gross limit checks on all parameters and rate-of-change checks on temperature, pressure and ascension rate. Some further information on the QC processing conducted by NCAR/EOL can be found in Loehrer et al. (1996) and Loehrer et al. (1998).
These checks were conducted on each sounding and data were automatically flagged as appropriate. Only the data point under examination was flagged. NCAR/EOL conducted the following gross limit checks on the DYNAMO 2011-12 Indonesia Merauke sounding dataset. In the table P = pressure, T = temperature, RH = relative humidity, U = U wind component, V = V wind component, B = bad, and Q = questionable.
| Parameter | Gross Limit Check | Parameter(s) Flagged | Flag Applied |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pressure | < 0 mb or > 1050 mb | P | B |
| Altitude | < 0 m or > 40000 m | P, T, RH | Q |
| Temperature | < -90 °C or > 45 °C | T | T |
| Dew Point | < -99.9 °C or > 33 °C > Temperature |
RH T, RH | Q Q |
| Relative Humidity | < 0% or > 100% | RH | B |
| Wind Speed | < 0 m/s or > 100 m/s > 150 m/s |
U, V U, V | Q B |
| U Wind Component | < 0 m/s or > 100 m/s > 150 m/s |
U U | Q B |
| V Wind Component | < 0 m/s or > 100 m/s > 150 m/s |
V V | Q B |
| Wind Direction | < 0° or > 360° | U, V | B |
| Ascent Rate | < -10 m/s or > 10 m/s | P, T, RH | Q |
These checks were conducted on each sounding and data were automatically flagged as appropriate. These checks were started at the lowest level of the sounding and compared neighboring 2-sec data points (except at pressures less than 100 mb where 30-sec average values were used). In the case of checks ensuring that the values increased/decreased as expected, only the data point under examination was flagged. However, for the other checks, all of the data points used in the examination were flagged. All items within the table are as previously defined.
| Parameter | Vertical Consitency Check | Parameter(s) Flagged | Flag Applied |
|---|---|---|---|
| Time | decreasing / equal | None | None |
| Altitude | decreasing / equal | P, T, RH | Q |
| Pressure | increasing / equal > 1 mb/s or < -1 mb/s > 2 mb/s or < -2 mb/s |
P, T, RH P, T, RH P, T, RH | Q Q B |
| Temperature | < -15 °C/km < -30 °C/km > 50 °C/km (not applied at p < 250 mb) >100 °C/km (not applied at p < 2 50 mb) |
P, T, RH P, T, RH P, T, RH P, T, RH |
Q B Q B |
| Ascent Rate | change of > 3 m/s or & lt; -3 m/s change of > 5 m/s or < -5 m/s |
P P | Q B |
Each sounding was visually examined for data quality issues. Any issues found were flagged in the data file and/or noted in Section 3.4.
201110122300
201112180013
201203192321
201111092308 (7mb)
201112032323 (5mb)
201112062315 (5mb)
201201081142 (13mb)
201201101119 (22mb)
201201151131 (5mb)
201201221127 (6mb)
201201252341 (8mb)
201203021145 (8mb)
201203252318 (78mb)
201201071125
201111131114 - RH above ~144mb stays in mid 90% range
Ciesielski, P. E., H. Yu, R. H. Johnson, K. Yoneyama, M. Katsumata, C. N. Long, J. Wang, S. M. Loehrer, K. Young, S. F. Williams, W. Brown,
J. Braun, T. Van Hove, 2014: Quality-controlled upper-air sounding dataset for DYNAMO/CINDY/AMIE: Development and corrections. J. Atmos.
Oceanic Technol., 31, 741-764.
Loehrer, S. M., T. A. Edmands, and J. A. Moore, 1996: TOGA COARE upper-air sounding data archive: development and quality control procedures.
Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 2651-2671. Loehrer, S. M., S. F. Williams, and J. A. Moore, 1998: Results from UCAR/JOSS quality control of atmospheric soundings from field projects.
Preprints, Tenth Symposium on Meteorological Observations and Instrumentation, Phoenix, AZ, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 1-6. Sugidachi, T., and M. Fujiwara, 2013: Corection of the stepwise change observed at 0C in Meisei RS2-91, RS-01G, and RS-06G radiosonde
relative humidity profiles. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 91, 323-336.
Yoneyama, K., M. Hanyu, S. Sueyoshi, F. Yoshiura, and M. Katsumata 2002: Radiosonde observation from the ship in the tropical region.
JAMSTECR, 45, 31-39. Available from "http://www.godac.jamstec.go.jp/catalog/data/doc_catalog/media/shiken45_04.pdf"
201201072332
201201081142
201201082315
201201091115
201201101119
201201102323
201201111137
201201112324
201201121129
201201122333 - all above 75mb
201201131117
201201132327
201201142320- below 500mb
201201161117
201202251156
201202261132 - above 300mb
201202262323
201202281144
201202291132
201202292335
201203042321 - mostly above 70mb
201203051137
201203062323
201203072315
201203251116
201203252318
201203262343
201203282335
201111192338 - winds a constant 1.5m/s at 270 degrees for entire flight
201111231140 - limited RH data
201112061137 - possibly impacted by balloon icing, a couple of periods of descent beginning around 0C level. Above ~470 mb the ascent rate is < 2.5m/s.
201112072332 - limited RH data
201112121116 - limited RH data
201201181110 - limited RH data
201201232336 - period of descent around 0C level
201202042347 - limited RH data
201202111119 - limited RH data
3.4.8 Possible Dry Bias Above 0C Level
According to JAMSTEC their University colleagues have noticed an artificial error
for the RH data above the 0C level. It seems that Meisei adopted a correction
scheme for a wet bias found in their data, but the scheme has a discontinuity at
OC by 3%. As a result there is a discontinuous gap at 0C and it now makes it
dry above this point. The University colleagues are developing a correction
scheme and JAMSTEC will determine its validity for the DYNAMO Meisei data.
This was corrected in this L3.0 version of the data.
4.0 References