Summit 1987 (Location--central Greenland) One 2-meter snow pit dug and sampled in 1987, 3 cm sampling interval Five 4-meter snow pits dug and sampled in 1987, 3 cm sampling interval One 6-meter snow pit dug and sampled in 1987, 3 cm sampling interval Surface snow samples DATA SETS AVAILABLE: 2 m and 4 m snow pits: Chemistry, stable isotopes, density 6 m snow pit: Chemisty, stable isotopes, beta Surface snow samples: Chemistry, some general weather observations The pits and surface snow samples were collected by the Glacier Research Group (GRG), using established protocols to prevent contamination. The pits were sampled at a 3 cm sample interval. The samples for major ion chemistry remained frozen until melted for analysis in the GRG lab, located at the University of New Hampshire (UNH). Chemical analysis of the snow samples from the pits initially measured Na, Cl, NO3 and SO4 and oxygen isotope data. The refrozen remainder from three of the pits was analyzed for the suite of 5 cations in 1989. A strong acid titration was used to determine acidity for the 6 meter pit in 1990 using an aliquot taken for that purpose during the initial processing. All data except the stable oxygen isotope data, which is from the Geophysical Isotope Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, or the University of Washington where indicated and the methylsulfonic acid data was generated by GRG. Analytical methods: Initial major ion analyses consisted of determination major anion concentrations (Cl, NO3, SO4) by ion chromatography (IC) and sodium (Na) by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). A Dionex AS4A column with suppressed conductivity detection and a 0.5 ml sample loop was used for the anions. Snow pit samples rerun in 1989 to 1990 were analyzed by ion chromatograpy for the major cations. A Dionex Fast Cation 1 with a Fast Cation II and a switching valve and suppressed conductivity dectection and a 0.5 ml sample loop were used. The H+ concentrations were determined using the strong acid tritration method of Legrand and Delmas (1987). Beta data for the 6 meter pit was determined by filtering acidified melted snow through a cation exchange filter and counting on the GRG beta counter at UNH. MSA was determined on samples from the 6 meter pit by Pai Yei Whung at the University of Miami as part of her Ph.D. disseration. Contact: Sallie Whitlow, Glacier Research Group, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space, Morse Hall, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824 603-862-4129 siw@unh.edu Dr. Paul Mayewski, Glacier Research Group, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space, Morse Hall, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824 603-862-3146 Publications: Mayewski, P.A., M.J. Spencer, M.S. Twickler, and S. Whitlow, 1990. A Glaciochemical survey of the Summit region, Greenland. Annals of Glaciol., 14, 186-190. Whitlow, S., P.A. Mayewski, and J.E. Dibb, 1992. A comparison of major chemical species seasonal concentration and accumulation at the South Pole and Summit Greenland. Atmos. Environ. 26A, 2045-2054. Dibb, Jack, 1989. The Chernobyl reference horizon(?) in the Greenland ice sheet. Gerphy. Res. Letters, 16, 987-990. Data Fields -999 indicates no data -888 indicates sample below the level of detection Precision is the average of the coefficient of variations calculated for each pair of duplicate aliquots analyzed. Pit_1_Chem: (location 72o18.4' 37o53.8' 3170 masl) Top depth, meters Bottom depth, meters Oxygen isotopes (18O), standard per mil notation Chloride (Cl), micrograms per liter; precision 3% Nitrate (NO3), micrograms/L; precision 3% Sulfate (SO4), micrograms/L; precision 3% Sodium (Na) merged AAS and IC data, micrograms/L; precision 3% Potassium (K), micrograms/L; 10% precision Ammonium (NH4), micrograms/L; 5% precision Magnesium (Mg), micrograms/L; 8% precision Calcium (Ca), micrograms/L; 5% precision Acidity (H+), micrograms/L; 10% precision Methylsulfonic acid (MSA), micrograms/L; 10% precision Pit_1_Beta Top depth, meters Bottom depth, meters Counts (CPH/Kg) counts per hour per kilogram Pit_2_Density (Location 71o36'88" 38o8'29" elevation 3157 masl) Depth, meters Density, grams per cubic centimeter Pit_2_Chem Top depth, meters Bottom depth, meters Oxygen isotopes (18O), standard per mil notation Chloride (Cl), micrograms per liter; 3% precision Nitrate (NO3), micrograms/L; 3%precision Sulfate (SO4), micrograms/L; 3% precision Sodium (Na), AAS data ,micrograms/L; 10% precision Pit_3_Density (Location 71o55'36" 39o50'7.5" elevation 3145 masl) Depth, meters Density, grams per cubic centimeter Pit_3_Chem Top depth, meters Bottom depth, meters Oxygen isotopes (18O), standard per mil notation Chloride (Cl), micrograms per liter; 3% precision Nitrate (NO3), micrograms/L; 3% precision Sulfate (SO4), micrograms/L; 3% precision Sodium (Na), AAS data, micrograms/L; 10% precision Pit_4_Density (Location 72o20'55" 40o12'49.5" elevation 3146 masl) Depth, meters Density, grams per cubic centimeter Pit_4_Chem Top depth, meters Bottom depth, meters Chloride (Cl), micrograms per liter; 3% precision Nitrate (NO3), micrograms/L; 3% precision Sulfate (SO4), micrograms/L; 3% precision Sodium (Na) merged AAS and IC data, micrograms/L; 3% precision Potassium (K), micrograms/L; 10% precision Ammonium (NH4), micrograms/L; 5% precision Magnesium (Mg), micrograms/L; 8% precision Calcium (Ca), IC data, micrograms/L; 5% precision Oxygen isotopes (18O), standard per mil notation, from Univ. of Washington Oxygen isotopes (18O), standard per mil notation, from Copenhagen Pit_5_Density (Location 72o02'42.6" 37o26'73.9" elevation 3187 masl) Depth, meters Density, grams per cubic centimeter Pit_5_Chem Top depth, meters Bottom depth, meters Oxygen isotopes (18O), standard per mil notation Chloride (Cl), micrograms per liter; 3% precision Nitrate (NO3), micrograms/L; 3% precision Sulfate (SO4), micrograms/L; 3% precision Sodium (Na) AAS data, micrograms/L; 10% precision Pit_6_Density (Location 72o58'52.7" 37o42'16.8" elevation 3224 masl) Depth, meters Density, grams per cubic centimeter Pit_6_Chem Top depth, meters Bottom depth, meters Chloride (Cl), micrograms per liter; 3% precision Nitrate (NO3), micrograms/L; 3% precision Sulfate (SO4), micrograms/L; 3% precision Sodium (Na) AAS data, micrograms/L; 10% precision Oxygen isotopes (18O), standard per mil notation, Univ. of Washington Oxygen isotopes (18O), standard per mil notation, Copenhagen Pit_7_Density (Location 72o38'27.8" 35o56'41.6" elevation 3190 masl) Depth, meters Density, grams per cubic centimeter Pit_7_Chem Top depth, meters Bottom depth, meters Oxygen isotopes (18O), standard per mil notation Chloride (Cl), micrograms per liter; 3% precision Nitrate (NO3), micrograms/L; 3% precision Sulfate (SO4), micrograms/L; 3% precision Sodium (Na) merged AAS and IC data, micrograms/L; 3% precision Potassium (K), micrograms/L; 10% precision Ammonium (NH4), micrograms/L; 5% precision Magnesium (Mg), micrograms/L; 8% precision Calcium (Ca), micrograms/L; 5% precision Surface snow data sets: Blow_May_12 Time snow collected Oxygen isotopes (18O), standard per mil notation Sodium (Na) by AAS, micrograms per liter; precision 10% Chloride (Cl), micrograms per liter; precision 3% Nitrate (NO3), micrograms/L; precision 3% Sulfate (SO4), micrograms/L; precision 3% Snow_Blowing Time snow collected Sodium (Na), micrograms per liter; precision 3% Ammonium (NH4), micrograms/L; precision 5% Potassium (K),, micrograms/L; precision 10% Magnesium (Mg), micrograms/L; precision 8% Calcium (Ca), micrograms/L; precision 5% Chloride (Cl), micrograms per liter; precision 3% Nitrate (NO3), micrograms/L; precision 3% Sulfate (SO4), micrograms/L; precision 3% May_13_snow Description of the environment of each snow sample Sample number, corresponds to description of samples Sodium (Na), micrograms per liter; precision 3% Ammonium (NH4), micrograms/L; precision 5% Potassium (K),, micrograms/L; precision 10% Magnesium (Mg), micrograms/L; precision 8% Calcium (Ca), micrograms/L; precision 5% Chloride (Cl), micrograms per liter; precision 3% Nitrate (NO3), micrograms/L; precision 3% Sulfate (SO4), micrograms/L; precision 3% Oxygen isotopes (18O), standard per mil notation May_28_snow Distance from camp Oxygen isotopes (18O), standard per mil notation Sodium (Na), micrograms per liter; precision 3% Ammonium (NH4),, micrograms/L; precision 5% Potassium (K), micrograms/L; precision 10% Magnesium (Mg), micrograms/L; precision 8% Calcium (Ca), micrograms/L; precision 5% Chloride (Cl), micrograms per liter; precision 3% Nitrate (NO3), micrograms/L; precision 3% Sulfate (SO4), micrograms/L; precision 3% Daily_Snow Date of snow sample Sodium (Na) by AAS, micrograms per liter; precision 10% Chloride (Cl), micrograms per liter; precision 3% Nitrate (NO3), micrograms/L; precision 3% Sulfate (SO4), micrograms/L; precision 3% Oxygen isotopes (18O), standard per mil notation Snowdrift_study Top, centimeters Bottom, centimeters Sodium (Na) by AAS, micrograms per liter; precision 10% Chloride (Cl), micrograms per liter; precision 3% Nitrate (NO3), micrograms/L; precision 3% Sulfate (SO4), micrograms/L; precision 3% Traverse_May_10 Distance from camp, kilometers Sodium (Na), micrograms per liter; precision 3% Ammonium (NH4), micrograms/L; precision 5% Potassium (K), micrograms/L; precision 10% Magnesium (Mg), micrograms/L; precision 8% Calcium (Ca), micrograms/L; precision 5% Chloride (Cl), micrograms per liter; precision 3% Nitrate (NO3), micrograms/L; precision 3% Sulfate (SO4), micrograms/L; precision 3% Sastrugi_May_10 Sodium (Na), micrograms per liter; precision 3% Ammonium (NH4), micrograms/L; precision 5% Potassium (K), micrograms/L; precision 10% Magnesium (Mg), micrograms/L; precision 8% Calcium (Ca), micrograms/L; precision 5% Chloride (Cl), micrograms per liter; precision 3% Nitrate (NO3), micrograms/L; precision 3% Sulfate (SO4), micrograms/L; precision 3% Storm_variability Sodium (Na), micrograms per liter; precision 10% Chloride (Cl), micrograms per liter; precision 3% Nitrate (NO3), micrograms/L; precision 3% Sulfate (SO4), micrograms/L; precision 3% Oxygen isotopes (18O), standard per mil notation General comments on the chemistry data The Na values reported are either the average of two or more injections on the AAS or a merged data set from the AAS Na values and the IC Na values, the lowest of two values was chosen. Comparison of the original AAS Na values and the IC Na values allowed elimiation of contaminated rerun samples (the if Na value for the rerun sample was greater than the original value by 50% it was considered contaminated). The NH4, K, Mg, and Ca IC values have not been corrected for any blank. The blank correction is probably not significant except for the NH4 values as NH4 is most sensitive to thawing and refreezing.