Snowpit and other snow data from the Summit, Greenland area, 1989-1993 Four (4) snow pits dug and sampled in 1989, 3 cm sampling interval Three (3) snow pits dug and sampled in 1990, 3 cm or 5 cm sampling interval Two (2) snow pits dug and sampled in 1991, 3 cm sampling interval One (1) snow pit dug and sampled in 1992, 3 cm sampling interval One (1) snow pit dug and sampled in 1993, 3 cm sampling interval Surface snow samples from 1989 and 1991 DATA SETS AVAILABLE: All snow pits: major ion chemistry (Cl, NO3, SO4, Na, NH4, K, Mg, Ca) 1989 snow pits: in addition to major ion chemistry, 18O data, density and stratigraphy for all pits. H2O2 data for 2 pits, 210Pb data for one pit. 1990, for the 6 meter pit in addition to major ion chemistry, 18O, H2O2, MSA, and particle data. 210Pb and density data available for 2 of the snow pits. Surface snow samples: Major ion chemistry. MSA data available for 1991 samples. The pits and surface snow samples were collected by the Glacier Research Group (GRG), using established protocols to prevent contamination. All pits, except one in 1990, were sampled at a 3 cm sample interval. The samples for major ion chemistry remained frozen until melted for analysis in the GRG lab, located at the University of New Hampshire (UNH). The samples collected in 1991 were analyzed at the GISP2 drilling camp. Chemical analysis of the snow samples from the pits initially measured eight of the major ionic species, Na, NH4, K, Mg, Ca, Cl, NO3, and SO4. Select pits had additional analyzes for H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide), MSA (methylsulfonic acid), 210Pb and stable oxygen isotopes (18O). All data except the oxygen isotope data, which is from the University of Washington, were generated by GRG at the University of New Hampshire. Analytical methods: Major ion analysis was by ion chromatography (IC). A Dionex AS4A column with suppressed conductivity detection and a 0.5 ml sample loop was used for the anions and a Dionex Fast Cation 1 with a Fast Cation II and a switching valve; suppressed conductivity dectection and a 0.5 ml sample loop was used for the cations. Cations analyzed in 1992 or later used a Dionex CS12 with electronic suppression and a 0.25 ml loop. MSA was determined using a AS4 column, a 3 ml loop, and suppressed conductivity. Samples for H2O2 were analyzed using a peroxidase-catalysed reaction measured by fluorescence spectrophotometry. Some 210Pb was determined by alpha spectrometry, counting the daughter, 210Po. Other 210PB and all 7Be was determined by gamma spectrometry. Particles were counted on an Elzone particle counter. Stratigraphy is also available for each pit. Contact: Sallie Whitlow, Glacier Research Group, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space, Morse Hall, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824 603-862-4129 siw@unh.edu Dr. Paul Mayewski, Glacier Research Group, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space, Morse Hall, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824 603-862-3146 Publications: Kingma, C. L., 1992. Chemical alteration associated with surface/near surface physical processes in the dry snow zone of the Greenland ice sheet. Thesis submitted for completion of a Masters of Science in hydrology at the University of New Hampshire. Dibb, J.E., 1993. Further insights into air-snow relationships at Summit, Greenland, from 7Be and 210Pb. in Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Arctic Air Chemistry, NERI Technical Report no. 70. Boyle, E.A., R.M. Sherrell and M.P. Bacon, 1994. Lead variability in the western North Atlantic Ocean and central Greenland ice: Implications for the search for decadal trends in anthropogenic emissions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 58, 3227-3238. Dibb, J.E. Overview of field data on the deposition of aerosol-assoiated species to the surface snow of polar glaciers. In, ed., E. Wolff and R. Bales, Processes of Chemical Exchange Between the Atmosphere and Polar Snow, NATO ASI Series, in press, expected publication 1996. Yang, Q., P.A. Mayewski, E. Linder, S. Whitlow, and M. Twickler. Chemical species spatial distribution and relationship to elevation and snow accumulation rate over the Greenland ice sheet. In review, Jour. of Geophy. Res., expected publication, 1996. Data Fields -999 indicates no data -888 indicates sample below the level of detection Precision is the average of the coefficient of variations calculated for each pair of duplicate aliquots analyzed. 89_GISP2_K1 (N72o30.78' W38o27.11', 3200 masl, 9-10 June 1989, 4 meter pit) Top depth, meters Bottom depth, meters Sodium (Na), micrograms/L; 7% precision Potassium (K), micrograms/L; 16 to 22% precision Magnesium (Mg), micrograms/L; 8 to 20% precision Calcium (Ca), micrograms/L; 13 to 30% precision Chloride (Cl), micrograms per liter; 3% precision Nitrate (NO3), micrograms/L; 2% precision Sulfate (SO4), micrograms/L; 1% precision Oxygen isotopes (18O), standard per mil notation 89_K1_dens Top depth, meters Bottom depth, meters density, kilograms per square meter 89_210Pb_K1 Top, depth, meters Bottom, depth, meters 210Pb,disintegrations per minute per kilogram (dpm/kg) sigma, one standard deviation based on counting statistics 89_ATM_K2 (N72o21.7' W38o48.21', 3200 masl, 19-20 June 1989, 4 meter pit) Top depth, meters Bottom depth, meters Sodium (Na), micrograms/L; 7% precision Potassium (K), micrograms/L; 16 to 22% precision Magnesium (Mg), micrograms/L; 8 to 20% precision Calcium (Ca), micrograms/L; 13 to 30% precision Chloride (Cl), micrograms per liter; 3% precision Nitrate (NO3), micrograms/L; 2% precision Sulfate (SO4), micrograms/L; 1% precision Oxygen isotopes (18O), standard per mil notation 89_K2_density Top, meters Bottom, meters Density, kilograms per square meter 89_GISP2_K3 (in vicinity of N72o30.78' W38o27.11', 3200 masl, 2 July 1989, 2 meter pit) Top depth, meters Bottom depth, meters Sodium (Na), micrograms/L; 7% precision Potassium (K), micrograms/L; 16 to 22% precision Magnesium (Mg), micrograms/L; 8 to 20% precision Calcium (Ca), micrograms/L; 13 to 30% precision Chloride (Cl), micrograms per liter; 3% precision Nitrate (NO3), micrograms/L; 2% precision Sulfate (SO4), micrograms/L; 1% precision Oxygen isotopes (18O), standard per mil notation 89_H2O2_K3 Top depth, meters Bottom depth, meters H2O2, micrograms/L; 5% percision 89_K3_density Top, meters Bottom, meters Density, kilograms per square meter 89_ATM_K4 (in vicinity N72o21.7' W38o48.21', 20 July 1989, 2 meter pit) Top depth, meters Bottom depth, meters Sodium (Na), micrograms/L; 7% precision Potassium (K), micrograms/L; 16 to 22% precision Magnesium (Mg), micrograms/L; 8 to 20% precision Calcium (Ca), micrograms/L; 13 to 30% precision Chloride (Cl), micrograms per liter; 3% precision Nitrate (NO3), micrograms/L; 2% precision Sulfate (SO4), micrograms/L; 1% precision Oxygen isotopes (18O), standard per mil notation 89_H2O2_K4 Top depth, meters Bottom depth, meters H2O2, micrograms/L; 5% percision 89_K4_density Top, meters Bottom, meters Density, kilograms per square meter 89_Fresh snow (sampling site 0.5 kilometers from ATM unless indicated. Temporal series of samples (three samples each day from same area) taken between fresh snow events and wind events and two traverses (one sample at each site) to study the spatial variability of the snow chemistry at different scales. Have included the calculated mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation (%) for each set.) Date Sodium (Na), microequivalent/L; 7% precision Potassium (K), microequivalent/L; 16 to 22% precision Magnesium (Mg), microequivalent/L; 8 to 20% precision Calcium (Ca), microequivalent/L; 13 to 30% precision Chloride (Cl), microequivalent/L; 3% precision Nitrate (NO3), microequivalent/L; 2% precision Sulfate (SO4), microequivalent/L; 1% precision 90_GISP2_pit (located in vicinity N72o30.78' W38o27.11', 4 meter pit) Top depth, meters Bottom depth, meters Sodium (Na), micrograms/L; 4% precision Ammonium (NH4), micrograms/L; 2% precision Potassium (K), micrograms/L; 7% precision Magnesium (Mg), micrograms/L; 15% precision Calcium (Ca), micrograms/L; 20% precision Chloride (Cl), micrograms per liter; 2% precision Nitrate (NO3), micrograms/L; 2% precision Sulfate (SO4), micrograms/L; 2% precision 90_NE_pit (N72.8o W36.45o, (70 kilometers NE of GISP2), 4 meter pit, 3 cm sampling interval) Top depth, meters Bottom depth, meters Sodium (Na), microequivalents/L; 4% precision Ammonium (NH4), microequivalents/L; 2% precision Potassium (K), microequivalents/L; 7% precision Magnesium (Mg), microequivalents/L; 15% precision Calcium (Ca), microequivalents/L; 20% precision Chloride (Cl), microequivalents per liter; 2% precision Nitrate (NO3), microequivalents/L; 2% precision Sulfate (SO4), microequivalents/L; 2% precision 90_NE_210Pb Top depth, meters Bottom depth, meters Density, grams per cubic centimeter 210Pb,disintegrations per minute per kilogram (dpm/kg) sigma, one standard deviation based on counting statistics 90_ATM_pit (N72o21.7' W38o48.21',6 meter pit, 5 cm sample interval, sampling was by several institutions in addition to Glacial Research Group) Top depth, meters Bottom depth, meters Density, grams per cubic centimeter 210Pb,disintegrations per minute per kilogram (dpm/kg) sigma, one standard deviation based on counting statistics Sodium (Na), microequivalents/L; 4% precision Ammonium (NH4), microequivalents/L; 2% precision Potassium (K), microequivalents/L; 7% precision Magnesium (Mg), microequivalents/L; 15% precision Calcium (Ca), microequivalents/L; 20% precision Chloride (Cl), microequivalents per liter; 2% precision Nitrate (NO3), microequivalents/L; 2% precision Sulfate (SO4), microequivalents/L; 2% precision Methylsulfonic acid (MSA), microequivalents/L; 10% precision 18O, stable oxygen isotopes, standard per mil notation Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), micrograms/L, 5% percision Particle number, number of particles per millilter of sample Particle mass, micrograms per kilogram, calculation based on assumed spherical diameter and density 91_GIPS2_pit (Located in vicinity of N72o30.78' W38o27.11', 2.5 meter pit, 3 cm sample inteval) Top depth, meters Bottom depth, meters Sodium (Na), micrograms/L; 5% precision Ammonium (NH4), micrograms/L; 3% precision Potassium (K), micrograms/L; 6% precision Magnesium (Mg), micrograms/L; 20% precision Calcium (Ca), micrograms/L; 9% precision Chloride (Cl), micrograms per liter; 1% precision Nitrate (NO3), micrograms/L; 2% precision Sulfate (SO4), micrograms/L; 1% precision 91_ATM_pit (Located in vicinity of N72o21.7' W38o48.1', 2.2 meter pit, 3 cm sample interval) Top depth, meters Bottom depth, meters Sodium (Na), micrograms/L; 5% precision Ammonium (NH4), micrograms/L; 3% precision Potassium (K), micrograms/L; 16% precision Magnesium (Mg), micrograms/L; 20% precision Calcium (Ca), micrograms/L; 9% precision Chloride (Cl), micrograms per liter; 1% precision Nitrate (NO3), micrograms/L; 2% precision Sulfate (SO4), micrograms/L; 1% precision Traverse_18_June_91 (Series of freshly fallen snow samples from ATM to GISP2 to GRIP) Distance from ATM camp, kilometers Sodium (Na), micrograms/L; 5% precision Ammonium (NH4), micrograms/L; 3% precision Potassium (K), micrograms/L; 6% precision Magnesium (Mg), micrograms/L; 20% precision Calcium (Ca), micrograms/L; 9% precision Chloride (Cl), micrograms per liter; 1% precision Nitrate (NO3), micrograms/L; 2% precision Sulfate (SO4), micrograms/L; 1% precision Methyl sulfonic acid (MSA), micrograms/L; 210Pb, picocuries per kilogram sigma, one standard deviation based on counting statistics 7Be, picocuries per kilogram sigma, one standard deviation based on counting statistics Traverse_19_June_91 (Series of freshly fallen snow sample taken on traverse from ATM to GISP2 to GRIP, this is a continuation of the snow storm sampled 18 June 1991) Distance from ATM camp, kilometers Sodium (Na), micrograms/L; 5% precision Ammonium (NH4), micrograms/L; 3% precision Potassium (K), micrograms/L; 6% precision Magnesium (Mg), micrograms/L; 20% precision Calcium (Ca), micrograms/L; 9% precision Chloride (Cl), micrograms per liter; 1% precision Nitrate (NO3), micrograms/L; 2% precision Sulfate (SO4), micrograms/L; 1% precision Methyl sulfonic acid (MSA), micrograms/L; 92_GISP2_pit (Located in vicinity N72o30.78' W38o27.11', 2 meter pit, 3 cm sample interval) Top depth, meters Bottom depth, meters Sodium (Na), micrograms/L; 1% precision Ammonium (NH4), micrograms/L; 20% precision Potassium (K), micrograms/L; 8% precision Magnesium (Mg), micrograms/L; 7% precision Calcium (Ca), micrograms/L; 3% precision Chloride (Cl), micrograms per liter; 9% precision Nitrate (NO3), micrograms/L; 1% precision Sulfate (SO4), micrograms/L; 3% precision 93_GISP2_pit (Located in vicinity N72o30.78' W38o27.11', 2 meter pit, 3 cm sample interval) Top depth, meters Bottom depth, meters Sodium (Na), micrograms/L; 3% precision Ammonium (NH4), micrograms/L; 6% precision Potassium (K), micrograms/L; 8% precision Magnesium (Mg), micrograms/L; 3% precision Calcium (Ca), micrograms/L; 2% precision Chloride (Cl), micrograms per liter; 2% precision Nitrate (NO3), micrograms/L; 1% precision Sulfate (SO4), micrograms/L; 1% precision General notes on data. The range of precision given for the 1989 data is due to the fact that the precision decreases as the concentration of the ion of interest decreases; especially for the divalent cations. This is true for all the data from all years but was only qunatified in 1989. The precision for each year is based on the results of duplicate aliquots analyzed from the snow pit samples obtained that year. Detection limit information is not included as it varies as the suppressor ages and changed when the lab switched to the CS12 column; is is less than the lowest value recorded in the file.