FILE NAME: TEM02-permafrost.doc YEARS: NA PI: Qianlai Zhuang OTHERS: V. E. Romanovsky, A.D. McGuire MANUSCRIPT TITLE: Incorporation of a permafrost model into a large-scale ecosystem model: Evaluation of temporal and spatial scaling issues in simulating soil thermal dynamics (see full citation below). BRIEF DESCRIPTION: This data set contains the model output data from STM-TEM simulations across the range of black spruce ecosystems in North America. RESEARCH LOCATION: The range of black spruce ecosystems in North America. METHODS: In this study we modified an extant version of the Goodrich model [Goodrich, 1976, 1978a, 1978b] for Alaskan ecosystems [Romanovsky et al., 1997] to develop a soil thermal model (STM) with the capability to operate with either 0.5-hour or 0.5-day internal time steps and to be driven by either daily or monthly input data. Based on empirical data, calibration, and review of the scientific literature, we specified parameters of the model for a black spruce forest stand located in the Bonanza Creek Experimental Forest near Fairbanks, Alaska, where soil and air temperatures were measured from May 1996 to April 1997. We applied the model in a factorial fashion to this site with respect to the temporal resolutions of internal time step (0.5 hour and 0.5 day) and input data (daily and monthly). To provide monthly inputs to the model, we aggregated air temperature and snow depth to monthly resolution. We evaluated the performance of the factorial applications of the model by comparing simulated daily and monthly soil temperature to measurements of soil temperature at different depths. To evaluate issues of temporal scaling, we also analyzed differences among the factorial applications to determine the relative importance of internal time step and climate inputs to the differences. To evaluate spatial scaling issues, we conducted uncertainty analyses that allowed us to determine which parameters need to be described in a spatially explicit fashion for spatial application of the model. For application of the model to larger spatial scales, we coupled the STM with the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model [TEM; Xiao et al., 1998; Tian et al., 1998, 1999, 2000; Kicklighter et al., 1999; Schimel et al., 2000; McGuire et al., 2000a, 2000b, 2001; Clein et al., 2000, in press; Amthor et al., 2001], which provides the STM with monthly estimates of snow-pack dynamics. To evaluate the performance of the coupled model for different vegetation types in high latitudes, we verified simulations of soil temperature by the model for white spruce, aspen, and tundra sites in Alaska in addition to a black spruce site in Canada. To determine whether it is appropriate to use simulated soil temperatures to drive ecosystem processes, we compared field-based and simulated estimates of carbon fluxes for the black spruce site in Canada. To evaluate the ability of the STM-TEM to operate at large temporal and spatial scales, we applied the black spruce parameterization of the model for the NSA-OBS black spruce site to simulate soil thermal dynamics for the range of black spruce forest ecosystems across North America north of 50o N from 1900 to 2100. MODEL NAME(S): STM-TEM [Zhuang et al., 2001]. MODEL INPUT: The climate data for the historical period (1900 to 1994) were developed at 0.5o spatial resolution by the Max-Planck Institute for Meteorology (Heimann, unpubl. data) by interpolating the monthly temperature anomalies of Jones [1994] and the monthly precipitation anomalies of Hulme [1995] to 0.5o resolution and then adding them to the long-term monthly air temperature and precipitation in the Cramer-Leemans CLIMATE database, which is an update of Leemans and Cramer [1991] database. The climate data for the projected period (1995 to 2100) were based on monthly temperature and precipitation ramps defined from a transient simulation of the Hadley Center CM2 model. The CM2 simulation we used considered the radiative forcing associated with the combined effects of changes in greenhouse gases and sulphate aerosols [Mitchell et al., 1995]. The methods for creating the projected monthly climate (air temperature and precipitation) are described in McGuire et al. [2000b]. . CONDITIONS FOR USE: Acceptance and utilization of this data requires that: The Principal Investigator is sent a notice stating reasons for acquiring any data and a description of the publication intentions. The Principal Investigator of the data set be sent a copy of the report or manuscript prior to submission and be adequately cited in any resultant publications. A copy of any resultant publications should be sent to: Qianlai Zhuang The Ecosystems Center Marine Biological Laboratory 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543 Email: qzhuang@mbl.edu VARIABLE DESCRIPTION: Variable name Variable description Units -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------- NPP Net Primary Production g C m-2 yr-1(sum), g C m-2 mo-1 (max, mean, min, jan - dec) RH Heterotrophic Respiration g C m-2 yr-1(sum), g C m-2 mo-1 (max, mean, min, jan - dec) TSOIL Soil Temperature degrees C at 20 cm depth FOR MORE INFORMATION, CONTACT: Qianlai Zhuang The Ecosystems Center Marine Biological Laboratory 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543 Email: qzhuang@mbl.edu FILES: File Name: TEM_PFROST02-NPP.dat File Type: Comma-delimited ASCII File Name: TEM_PFROST02-RH.dat File Type: Comma-delimited ASCII File Name: TEM_PFROST02-TSOIL.dat File Type: Comma-delimited ASCII FILE FORMAT: TEM: longitude, latitude, variable, veg type, NA*, NA* NA*, cell area, year, sum, max, mean, min, jan, feb, mar, apr, may, jun, jul, aug, sep, oct, nov, dec, continent/country sum = sum across 12 months max = maximum value of month mean = mean of monthly values min = minimum value of month jan through dec = monthly valus NA* = not used All monthly values: 1 decimal place, excluding the mean, which has 2 decimal places NUMBER OF RECORDS: TEM_PFROST02-NPP, TEM_PFROST02-RH, TEM_PFROST02-TSOIL (1758 per file) REFERENCE CITATIONS: Amthor, J.S., J.M. Chen, J.S. Clein, S.E. Frolking, M.L. Goulden, R.F. Grant, J.S. Kimball, A.W. King, A.D. McGuire, N.T. Nikolov, C.S. Potter, S. Wang, and S.C. Wofsy. Comparing hourly, daily, monthly, and annual CO2 and water vapor exchange of a boreal forest predicted by nine ecosystem process models: Model results and relationships to measured fluxes. Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres 106: 33,623- 33,648, 2001. Clein J. S., B. L. Kwiatkowski, A. D. McGuire, J. E. Hobbie, E. B. Rastetter, J. M. Melillo and D. W. Kicklighter, Modeling carbon responses of tundra ecosystems to historical and projected climate: A comparison of a fine- and coarse-scale ecosystem model for identification of process-based uncertainties, Global Change Biology, 6,S127-S140, 2000. Clein, J. S., A. D. McGuire, X. Zhang, D.W. Kicklighter, J. M. Melillo, S. C. Wofsy, P. G. Jarvis. 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McGuire, A. D., J. M. Melillo, J. T. Randerson, W. J. Parton, M. Heimann, R. A. Meier, J. S. Clein, D. W. Kicklighter, and W. Sauf, Modeling the effects of snowpack on heterotrophic respiration across northern temperate and high latitude regions: Comparison with measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide in high latitudes, Biogeochemistry, 48, 91-114, 2000a. McGuire, A.D., J. Clein, J.M. Melillo, D.W. Kicklighter, R.A. Meier, C.J. Vorosmarty, and M.C. Serreze, Modeling carbon responses of tundra ecosystems to historical and projected climate: The sensitivity of pan-arctic carbon storage to temporal and spatial variation in climate, Global Change Biology, 6,S141-S159, 2000b. Mitchell, J. F. B., T. C. Johns, J. M. Gregory, and S. F. B.Tett, Climate response to increasing levels of greenhouse gases and sulphate aerosols, Nature, 376, 501-504, 1995. Romanovsky, V. E., T. E. Osterkamp, and N. S. Duxbury, An evaluation of three numerical models used in simulation of the active layer and permafrost temperature regimes, Cold Regions Science and Technology, 26, 195-203, 1997. Schimel, D., J. Melillo, H. Tian, A. D. McGuire, D. Kicklighter, T. Kittel, N. Rosenbloom, S. Running, P. Thornton, D. Ojima, W. Parton, R. Kelly, M. Sykes, R. Neilson, and B. Rizzo, Carbon storage by the natural and agricultural ecosystems of the US (1980-1993), Science 287, 2004-2006, 2000. Tian, H., J. M. Melillo, D. W. Kicklighter, A. D. McGuire, B. Moore III and C. J. Vörösmarty, Climatic and biotic controls on interannual variations of carbon storage in undisturbed ecosystems of the Amazon Basin, Global Ecology and Biogeography, 9, 315-335, 2000. Tian, H., J. M. Melillo, D. W. Kicklighter, A. D. McGuire, and J. Helfrich, The sensitivity of terrestrial carbon storage to historical climate variability and atmospheric CO2 in the United States, Tellus, 51B, 414-452, 1999. Tian, H, J. M. Melillo, D. W. Kicklighter, A. D. McGuire, J. Helfrich, B. Moore III, C. J. Vörösmarty, Effect of interannual climate variability on carbon storage in Amazonian ecosystems, Nature, 396, 664-667, 1998. Xiao X, J. M. Melillo, D. W. Kicklighter, A. D. McGuire, R. G. Prinn, C. Wang, P. H. Stone, A. P. Sokolov, Transient climate change and net ecosystem production of the terrestrial biosphere, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 12, 345-360, 1998. Zhuang, Q., V.E. Romanovsky, and A.D. McGuire, Incorporation of a permafrost model into a large-scale ecosystem model: Evaluation of temporal and spatial scaling issues in simulating soil thermal dynamics. Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres 106: 33,649-33670. 2001. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: This research was supported by the NASA Land Cover and Land Use Change Program (NAG5-6275), the NSF Taiga Long Term Ecological Research Program (DEB-9810217), the NSF Arctic System Science and Arctic Natural Science Programs (OPP-9614253, OPP-9732126, OPP-9870635), and the Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit.