FILE NAME: IGBP02-McGuire.doc PI: A. Dave McGuire OTHERS: M. Apps, J. Beringer, J. Clein, H. Epstein, D.W. Kicklighter, C. Wirth, J. Bhatti, F.S. Chapin III, B. de Groot, D. Efremov, W.Eugster, M Fukuda, T. Gower, L. Hinzman, B. Huntley, G.J. Jia, E. Kasischke, J. Melillo, V. Romanovsky, A. Shvidenko, E. Vaganov, D. Walker MANUSCRIPT TITLE: Environmental variation, vegetation distribution, carbon dynamics, and water/energy exchange in high latitudes (Journal of Vegetation Science). BRIEF DESCRIPTION: We evaluated how vegetation distribution, carbon stocks and turnover, and water and energy exchange are related to environmental variation spanned by the network of the IGBP high latitude transects RESEARCH LOCATION: IGBP high latitude transects. The Far East Siberia Transect (FEST), which is also known as the "Northeast Eurasian transect" and the "Yakutsk transect", is a north-south transect centered on approximately the 135o E meridian that has been designed with respect to temperature variability between the latitudes of 52o and 74o N. The East Siberia Transect (EST), which is also referred to as the "Central Siberian transect" and the "Yenisei transect", is a north-south transect centered on the 90o E meridian that has been designed with respect to temperature variability along the Yenisei River between the latitudes of 59o and 69o N. The primary ScanTran transect is arranged with respect to temperature variability and extends from around 55o N in Denmark to just over 80o N in Svalbard, Norway from approximately 9o E in the south to 18o E in the north. The Boreal Forest Transect Case Study (BFTCS) is 1000 km by 100 km with generally flat topography and is oriented southwest-northeast in central Canada. The transect extends from 53.5o N, 107.167o W to 52.583o N, 106.25o W in the south, and 57.25o N, 94.833o W to 56.333o N, 94.25o W in the north. The Alaska transect, which is a north-south transect that roughly follows the 150o W meridian between the latitudes of 60o and 71o N, is a transect which is characterized by complex environmental gradients between the Arctic Front. METHODS: Data was compiled from various sources including many international investigators. Our comparison of environmental variation was facilitated by the use of the Cramer-Leemans CLIMATE database, which is a major update of the database assembled by Leemans and Cramer (1991). The CLIMATE database provides global coverage of long-term mean monthly temperature, precipitation, and sunshine duration at 0.5o (latitude x longitude) spatial resolution. We extracted these variables from the CLIMATE database through approximately the center of each of the IGBP transects. We used data on sunshine duration as an input to the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM; Raich et al. 1991) to calculate photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) for each transect. We used a vegetation distribution for high latitudes based on the global potential vegetation described in Melillo et al. (1993). We aggregated temperate forest, temperate grasslands and temperate savannas into an extra-boreal category to indicate vegetation types that are located in transitional regions between boreal forest and temperate ecosystems or that are not characteristic of vegetation located in arctic and boreal regions. We used mid-summer NDVI estimates derived from a 1-km resolution, Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data set for 1995 (Eidenshink and Faundeen, USGS EROS Data Center, Distributed Active Archive Center, http://edcdaac.usgs.gov/1KM/1kmhomepage.html). We obtained data on carbon stocks from a variety of sources. For the FEST and ESTtransects, the estimates of vegetation and soil carbon of more than 700 sites were extrapolated to a 300 km width along the transect by the methods described in Shvidenko et al. (2000). It is important to note that the estimates for FEST and EST do not include peatlands. For the Finland Transect, estimates of vegetation carbon are based on Kauppi et al. (1995), while estimates of organic and mineral soil carbon are based on Liski & Westman (1997) and Liski (unpublished data). For the BFTCS, estimates of vegetation and soil carbon are based on data reported in a number of studies that participated in BOREAS (see Sellers et al. 1997; Hall 1999). For the Alaska transect, vegetation carbon for tundra were based on a number of studies (Shaver & Chapin 1991; Chapin et al. 1980, 1995; Walker et al. 1998; Gilmanov 1997; Shaver et al. 1996; Epstein et al. 2000) and for boreal regions in Alaska were based on inventory estimates of Yarie & Billings (2002). The estimates for organic and mineral soil carbon along the Alaska transect are also from several studies by (Michaelson et al. 1996; Ping et al. 1997, 1998; Michaelson & Ping unpub; Zimmermann unpub). When possible, we developed estimates to 1 m depth in the mineral soil. Fire data for both the FEST and EST transects, estimates were determined for a transect width of 300 km following the approach suggested by Shvindenko & Nilsson (2000). The estimates for extra-boreal vegetation in the southern part of the EST transect are derived from fire data for the Tuva mountain forest steppe ecoregion. For the Finland transect, data were for the time period from 1970 through 1998 (Finnish statistical year book of forestry 1999). For the BFTCS, the fire statistics were based on analyses from provincial data for Manitoba and Saskatchewan (Stocks et al. in prep.). For the Alaska transect, data were obtained from the Alaska Fire Service for the time period from 1950 through 1997 (see Murphy et al. 2000). Other data include information on permafrost depth (Fukuda, unpublished; Vaseliev unpublished; Hinzman, Crow & Lachenbrach, and Osterkamp & Romanovsky at http://sts.gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/gtnp/english/bhinventory/us.htm), snowfree days (Vaganov unpublished), active layer depth (Romanovsky & Osterkamp 1997; http://www.geography.uc.edu/~kenhinke/CALM/, Vaseliev unpublished). For the EST, Bowen ratio data were obtained from Schulze et al. (1999), Valentini et al. (2000), and Rebmann et al. (2002). The data on Bowen ratio and maximum canopy conductance for the BFCTS were primarily obtained as part of BOREAS and for the Alaska transect were obtained as part of the ARCSS-LAII Flux Study as reported in Eugster et al. (2000). For the Alaska transect, some of the Bowen ratio data were also obtained from eddy covariance towers operating as part of ATLAS (Beringer unpublished). CONDITIONS FOR USE: Acceptance and utilization of this data requires that: The Principal Investigator is sent a notice stating reasons for acquiring any data and a description of the publication intentions. The Principal Investigator of the data set be sent a copy of the report or manuscript prior to submission and be adequately cited in any resultant publications. A copy of any resultant publications should be sent to: A Dave McGuire 216 Irving I Building University of Alaska Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK 99775 FOR MORE INFORMATION, CONTACT: A Dave McGuire 216 Irving I Building, University of Alaska Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK 99775 Email: ffadm@uaf.edu FILES: File Name: IGBP1.txt File Type: Comma-delimited ASCII File Name: IGBP2.xls File Type: Excel file (with 4 sheets) File Name: IGBP3.txt File Type: Comma-delimited ASCII File Name: IGBP4.txt File Type: Comma-delimited ASCII FILE DESCRIPTION: File Name: IGBP1.txt this file provides data represented in Figures 2a, 2b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 10b. Climate data is derived from Leemans and Cramer, and simulated data is TEM output. Averages by vegetation type were used for figures 6b, 7a, 7b and 10b. File Name: IGBP2.xls this file provides data represented in Figures 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b, 11a, 11b. Each sheet has column header that describes the data within. For source of data see manuscript and methods above. File Name: IGBP3.txt this file provides data represented in Figures 12a, 12b. Most of the data is from Euster et al. 2000. File Name: IGBP3.txt this file provides data represented in Figure 13. Summer warmth is defined as the sum of mean monthly temperature for all months in which mean monthly temperature is greater than 0o C FILE FORMAT: IGBP1.txt: transect, longitude (long, at half degree scale), latitude (lat, at half degree scale), mean annual air temperature(MAT, oC), mean summer air temperature (MSAT, oC, average of June, July, August), total precipitation (Tprec, mm), total summer precipitation (Tsprec, mm, sum of June July, August), total winter precipitation (TWprec, mm, equal to total-summer), simulated summer PAR (summer PAR, W m-2), simulated net primary production (NPP, gC m-2 y-1), vegetation type (based on temveg, Melillo et al. 1993), veg ID IGBP2.xls: all data is described on each excel sheet. Permafrost depth and active layer depth are in meters (m). NPP is net primary production simulated by TEM. IGBP3.txt: transect, longitude (long, at half degree scale), latitude (lat, at half degree scale), calculated Bowen ratio (H/LE), maximum canopy conductance (max G), air temperature over the measurement period (degrees C) IGBP4.txt: plant function type (vegetation type), total summer warmth (degree C), total biomass (g/m-2) REFERENCE CITATIONS: Chapin III, F.S., Miller P.C., Billings, W.D. & Coyne, P.I. 1980. Carbon and nutrient budgets and their control in coastal tundra. In: Brown, J., Miller, P.C., Tieszen, L.L. & Bunnell, F.L. (eds.) An arctic ecosystem: the coastal tundra at Barrow, Alaska, pp. 458-486, Dowden, Hutchison and Ross, Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. Chapin III, F.S., Shaver, G.R., Giblin, A.E., Nadelhoffer, K.J. & Laundre, J.A. 1995. Responses of arctic tundra to experimental and observed changes in climate. Ecology 76: 694-711. 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