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Earth Observing Laboratory
Field Data Archive

Dataset List

    14578 datasets found (100 shown). Full dataset descriptions and data access links are available by selecting the dataset title.
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    Dataset Projects Responsible parties Version/Date
    This collection includes surface snow sample, snow pit, and ice core data from summer of 1984 in Greenland (location - 65 degrees 6 minutes north, 44 degrees 52 minutes west, 2625 m a.s.l.). The data describe concentrations of major ions (Cl, Ca, Mg, K...
    • ARCSS
    1.0
    2009-04-29
    Snow Pit data acquired from manual snow pits following protocols and symbology from the International Classification for Snow on the Ground (see document attached titled IntClassificationSnowOnGround.pdf) collected during the Sublimation of Snow (SOS)...
    • SOS
    preliminary 0.2
    2023-12-01
    Snow pit and snow sample data are included from the Summit area of Greenland from 1987. One 2-meter snow pit was dug and sampled in 1987 with a 3-cm sampling interval. Four 4-meter snow pits were dug and sampled in 1987 with a 3-cm sampling interval....
    • ARCSS
    1.0
    2009-04-29
    Chemistry and isotope information from snow pits dug at the Summit area of Greenland, 1989-1993 includes major ions (Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cl, NO3, SO4), oxygen isotopes (18O) and H2O2. Four snow pits were dug and sampled in 1989, three snow pits in 1990, two...
    • ARCSS
    1.0
    2009-04-29
    This dataset contains the scrubbed chat logs from SNOWIE (Seeded and Natural Orographic Wintertime Clouds: The Idaho Experiment) from 8 January - 16 March, 2017. These chat logs contain conversations between scientists and other project participants...
    • SNOWIE
    final 1.0
    2017-09-15
    This data set contains pan-Arctic snow property estimates of distributed air temperature, snow precipitation, snow-season timing and length, maximum snow water equivalent depth (SWE), average snow density, snow sublimation, and rain-on-snow events....
    • ARCSS
    1.0
    2011-05-17
    A link to the NCAR/EOL archive of webcam imagery from the SOAS AABC flux site.
    • SAS
    final completed
    Link to the SAS Field Catalog Research Products section which includes SOAS AABC Site ISFS Meteorological Parameter Plots.
    • SAS
    final completed
    This data set contains Doppler LIDAR moment data collected by the EOL Integrated Sounding Systems (ISS) during the Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS) from 24 May 2013 to 16 July 2013. The data are gzipped ascii text files and are available as...
    • SAS
    final 1.0
    2014-03-13
    Link to the SAS Field Catalog Research Products section which includes SOAS AABC Site NCAR EOL ISS LIDAR Imagery
    • SAS
    preliminary completed
    This data set contains SOnic Detection And Ranging (SODAR) data collected at the Integrated Sounding Systems (ISS) AABC site during the Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS) from 20 May 2013 to 16 July 2013. Data orders will include both ASCII and...
    • SAS
    final 1.0
    2014-03-13
    Link to the SAS Field Catalog Research Producgts section which includes SOAS AABC Site NCAR EOL ISS SODAR Imagery
    • SAS
    preliminary completed
    This dataset provides a link to the NOAA SENEX/SOAS Data Archive website.
    • SAS
    final completed
    This dataset provides a link to the SAS Field Catalog Research Products section which includes SOAS Centreville AL ARA-CTR Imagery.
    • SAS
    final completed
    This data set contains ceilometer data collected at the Integrated Sounding Systems (ISS) NWS site during the Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS) from 20 May 2013 to 16 July 2013. Both the raw reflectivity data (DAT files) and a derived...
    • SAS
    final 1.0
    2014-03-13
    Link to the SAS Field Catalog Research Products section SOAS NWS Site NCAR/EOL ISS Ceilometer Imagery
    • SAS
    preliminary completed
    This data set contains surface meteorology data collected at the Integrated Sounding Systems (ISS) NWS site during the Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS) from 20 May 2013 to 16 July 2013. The data are available in netCDF format.
    • SAS
    final 1.0
    2014-03-13
    Link to the SAS Field Catalog Research Products section which includes SOAS NWS Site NCAR/EOL ISS Surface Meteorology Imagery.
    • SAS
    preliminary completed
    This dataset contains a link to the Flickr account for photographs taken during the SOAS campaign.
    • SAS
    final completed
    This data set contains sounding data collected from June 1 to July 15, 2013 as part of the Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS). A total of 105 quality controlled soundings are contained in the final SOAS dataset from the NCAR/EOL Integrated...
    • SAS
    final 1.0
    2013-11-13
    The National Center for Atmospheric Research/Earth Observing Laboratory (NCAR/EOL) operated a GPS Advanced Upper-air Sounding System (GAUS) radiosonde system as part of its Integrated Sounding System (ISS) site at the Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study...
    • SAS
    final 1.0
    2014-03-19
    This dataset links to supplemental information for the project.
    • SAS
    final completed
    The data were collected using a social survey approach in cooperation with five rural Inupiaq communities on the Seward Peninsula, Alaska. A questionnaire survey was used during a semi-structured interview. Interview questions included a series of...
    • ARCSS
    1.0
    2010-04-16
    Contains the size, type and fraction of all aerosol particle types acting as ice nucleating particles (INPs) that were collected in the Colorado State University Continuous Flow Diffusion Chambers (CFDCs) on-board the NSF/NCAR Gulfstream-V HIAPER...
    • SOCRATES
    final 1.0
    2021-01-27
    This data set contains Cloud Concentration Nuclei (CCN) data from the two miniaturized CCN counters (mCCNc) that were operated by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography on-board the NSF/NCAR GV HIAPER aircraft during SOCRATES. They provide...
    • SOCRATES
    final 1.1
    2018-05-04
    This dataset contains the scrubbed chat logs from the Southern Ocean Clouds Radiation Aerosol Transport Experimental Study (SOCRATES) project from 2 January 2018 - 2 March 2018. These chat logs contain conversations between scientists and other project...
    • SOCRATES
    final 1.0
    2019-08-14
    Cloud phase classification data derived at 1Hz frequency from in-situ probes that were flown on the NSF/NCAR GV aircraft during the Southern Ocean Clouds, Radiation, Aerosol Transport Experimental Study (SOCRATES) campaign.
    • SOCRATES
    final 1.0
    2022-09-27
    Soil profiles at 27 sites in northern Alaska were described and classified in order to provide baseline soils data for ARCSS/LAII/ATLAS (Arctic Transitions in the Land-Atmosphere System) Winter Carbon Flux studies. The investigators collected samples...
    • ARCSS
    1.0
    2009-04-29
    This dataset contains measurements of soil nutrient and microbial parameters in tundra soils from the Toolik Field Station through 2008/2009. Soil samples were taken to bracket the winter-to-summer and the summer-to-winter transitions, and then to...
    • ACADIS
    • ARCSS
    1.0
    2012-02-06
    This dataset contains a link to the NCAR/RAL CASES-97 flux station data archive.
    • CASES-97
    final completed
    This data set includes basic soils data collected in summer 1995 for ten Arctic System Science/Land-Atmosphere-Ice Interaction (ARCSS/LAII) carbon-flux monitoring sites, and several related sites, in northwestern Alaska. Soil profile descriptions, soil...
    • ARCSS
    1.0
    2009-04-29
    Soil survey information from plots along the Dempster Highway in Yukon Territory, Canada, includes soil consistency, soil texture, soil moisture, pedon information, flooding information (frequency and duration), erosion, runoff, soil temperature,...
    • ARCSS
    1.0
    2009-04-29
    This data set contains hourly and daily-averaged soil temperatures from Happy Valley and Barrow, Alaska, from 19 August 1993 to 31 August 2004. Data are in comma-delimited or space-delimited ASCII text format, and are available via FTP. The research...
    • ARCSS
    1.0
    2009-04-29
    Soil temperatures were measured at the Toolik Lake Field Station during the summers of 1995 and 1996. Measurements were made on control plots, plots from which snow was removed, and plots from which snow was removed before the installation of heating...
    • ARCSS
    1.0
    2009-04-29
    Soil texture, vis-NIR spectra and derived soil chemistry were taken from soils sampled at Chequamegon Heterogeneous Ecosystem Energy-balance Study Enabled by a High-density Extensive Array of Detectors (CHEESEHEAD) ISFS forest sites. All soil samples...
    • CHEESEHEAD
    final 1.0
    2020-09-22
    Soil samples were taken at CHEESEHEAD sites on September 28, 2019. Samples were taken using a T-probe soil sampler within 5 m of the tower. Tower center coordinates are used. All samples were of the top 0-15 cm of soil mixed. Soil samples were analyzed...
    • CHEESEHEAD
    final 1.0
    2022-08-22
    This dataset links to supplemental information for the project.
    • MILAGRO
    final completed
    This dataset provides a link to the NASA ESPO Data Archive for the ATTREX Global Hawk campaign. Included are the Solar Spectral Flux Radiometer (SSFR) Data
    • CONTRAST
    final completed
    This dataset contains files of data collected by a sonic anemometer for the CASES-99 field study. For more information please see the readme file.
    • CASES-99
    final 1.0
    2022-03-21
    This dataset contains ASCII output files of data collected by a sonic anemometer located at Beaumont, KS on the 10-m tower there as part of the ABLE instrumentation. For more information please see the readme file. The data files are contained in a...
    • CASES-99
    final 1.0
    2022-03-21
    The presence of particulates in the snow cover and at the ice surface can decrease the spectral albedo of the system at visible wavelengths where absorption by ice and water is small. Because of this, we were concerned that the release and local...
    • SHEBA
    1.0
    2007-11-02
    This dataset contains the raw data from the METEK vertically profiling K-band Micro Rain Radar (MRR-PRO) sited at Sorel-Tracy, QC for the Winter Precipitation Type Research Mult-Scale Experiment (WINTRE-MIX). Data was collected between October 20, 2021...
    • WINTRE-MIX
    final 0.1
    2023-04-25
    This dataset contains the raw data from the OTT Parsivel2 laser disdrometer sited at Sorel-Tracy, QC for the Winter Precipitation Type Research Mult-Scale Experiment (WINTRE-MIX). Data was collected between October 20, 2021 and May 03, 2022. The...
    • WINTRE-MIX
    final 0.1
    2023-04-25
    This dataset contains the raw data from the OTT Pluvio2 precipitation gauge sited at Sorel-Tracy, QC for the Winter Precipitation Type Research Mult-Scale Experiment (WINTRE-MIX). Data was collected between October 20, 2021 and May 03, 2022. The Pluvio...
    • WINTRE-MIX
    final 0.1
    2023-04-25
    This dataset contains the raw data from the Vaisala Forward Scatter Sensor (FD71P) sited at Sorel-Tracy, QC for the Winter Precipitation Type Research Mult-Scale Experiment (WINTRE-MIX). Data was collected between October 20, 2021 and May 03, 2022. The...
    • WINTRE-MIX
    final 0.1
    2023-04-25
    This dataset contains the raw data from the Vaisala WXT520 weather sensor sited at Sorel-Tracy, QC for the Winter Precipitation Type Research Mult-Scale Experiment (WINTRE-MIX). Data was collected between October 20, 2021 and May 03, 2022. The WXT520...
    • WINTRE-MIX
    final 0.1
    2023-04-25
    A link is provided to the SOS (Sistema de Observação e Previsão de Tempo Severo) CHUVA Data Archive
    • RELAMPAGO
    final completed
    The Southern Oxidation Study (SOS92) used a single Cross Chain LORAN Atmospheric Sounding System (CLASS) station near Atlanta, GA. Three data files are written from each sounding with "i" representing a 5mb interpolation, "m" containing 1-second raw...
    • SOS92
    final 1.0
    2014-07-11
    This dataset contains a link to an inveontory of radiosonde data transimitted over GTS during the SALLJEX campaign.
    • SALLJEX
    final completed
    This dataset contains high resolution upper air sounding data from San Cristobal in the Galapagos Islands. The dataset contains vertical profiles of pressure, wind speed and direction, air temperature, dew point temperature, relative humidity, and...
    • PACS
    • EPIC
    • NAME
    final 1.0
    2011-08-24
    This dataset contains high resolution upper air soundings derived from rawinsondes released during the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean Project (TAO) and the Pan American Climate Studies Field Campaign (PACS). Consult the readme for more information.
    • PACS
    final 1.0
    2011-08-24
    This dataset contains upper-air sounding data interpolated to a constant vertical resolution of 5 hPa in the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Earth Observing Laboratory (EOL) Sounding Composite Format from stations in the following...
    • RICO
    final 1.0
    2008-10-07
    The upper air 5-mb level sounding data for the North American Monsoon Experiment (NAME) 2004 Tier 3 domain (5°N to 50°N latitude and 125°W to 75°W longitude) are contained within this dataset. The dataset covers the time period 1 June through 30...
    • NAME
    final 1.0
    2010-03-25
    The upper air highest resolution sounding data for the Rain in Cumulus Over the Ocean (RICO) 2004-2005 domain (15°N to 21°N latitude and 75°W to 72°W longitude) are contained within this dataset. The dataset covers the time period 1 December 2004...
    • RICO
    final 1.0
    2008-10-07
    Data for the Cumulus Photogrammetric, In-Situ and Doppler Observations (CuPIDO) 2006 domain (23°N to 36°N latitude and 120°W to 100°W are contained within this dataset. The dataset covers the time period 1 July 2006 through 31 August 2006. This CuPIDO ...
    • CuPIDO
    final 1.0
    2008-10-07
    The upper air highest resolution sounding data for the North American Monsoon Experiment (NAME) 2004 Tier 3 domain (5°N to 50°N latitude and 125°W to 75°W longitude) are contained within this dataset. The dataset covers the time period 1 June through 3...
    • NAME
    final 1.0
    2010-03-25
    A GPS sounding system is deployed at the ice camp by NCAR/SSSF. Soundings are taken every 12 hours throughout the 13 month deployment period. One-second time resolution ASCII data are provided for each launch time at 0000 and 1200 UTC daily. JPEG skew...
    • SHEBA
    final 2.0
    2017-01-17
    A tethered balloon system was deployed by the U. of Alaska, Fairbanks at the ice station. Soundings were taken on selected days throughout the 13 month deployment period. This dataset contains radiometer data from a cube-like sensor suspended...
    • SHEBA
    1.0
    2007-11-02
    A tethered balloon system was deployed by the U. of Alaska, Fairbanks at the ice station. Soundings are taken on selected days throughout the 13 month deployment period. Companion datasets containing PRELIMINARY GIF images of sounding data as well as...
    • SHEBA
    1.0
    2007-11-02
    A GPS sounding system is deployed at the ice camp by NCAR/SSSF. Soundings are taken every 12 hours throughout the 13 month deployment period. PRELIMINARY JPEG plots are provided for each launch time at 0000 and 1200 UTC daily. One Second ASCII data...
    • SHEBA
    preliminary 1.0
    2007-11-02
    This dataset contains data from a tethered balloon system deployed by the U. of Alaska, Fairbanks at the ice station. Soundings are taken on selected days throughout the 13 month deployment period. PRELIMINARY GIF images are provided for parameters...
    • SHEBA
    preliminary 1.0
    2007-11-02
    A link to the South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) Air Quality monitoring website which includes air monitoring data from stations around South Dakota.
    • VORTEX2
    final completed
    This data set contains hourly resolution surface meteorological data from the South Dakota Road Weather Information System (RWIS) operated by the South Dakota Department of Transportation. The network includes 21 stations located throughout the state...
    • BAMEX
    final 1.0
    2008-10-07
    This dataset contains ground-based measurements collected from the South Haven ICICLE Ground Suite during the ICICLE (In-Cloud ICing and Large-drop Experiment) field campaign from 27 January - 8 March 2019. Primary information included in the dataset...
    • ICICLE
    final 1.0
    2020-01-31
    This dataset contains South Pacific Sig Wx forecasts by NCEP taken during the HIPPO project. The data is in GIF format. The data covers the time span from 2009-01-03 12:00:00 to 2009-02-02 06:00:00.
    • HIPPO
    final 1.0
    2012-09-26
    This dataset contains South Pacific Sig Wx forecasts by NCEP taken during the HIPPO-3 project. The data is in GIF format. The data covers the time span from 2010-03-17 18:00:00 to 2010-04-19 18:00:00.
    • HIPPO3
    final 1.0
    2013-02-06
    This dataset contains South Pacific Sig Wx forecasts by NCEP taken during the HIPPO-4 project. The data is in GIF format. The data covers the time span from 2011-06-08 12:00:00 to 2011-07-13 18:00:00.
    • HIPPO4
    final 1.0
    2013-02-11
    This dataset contains South Pacific Sig Wx forecasts by NCEP taken during the HIPPO-5 project. The data is in GIF format. The data covers the time span from 2011-08-03 12:00:00 to 2011-10-08 18:00:00.
    • HIPPO5
    final 1.0
    2013-02-13
    This dataset contains South Pole Sig Wx forecasts by NCEP taken during the HIPPO project. The data is in GIF format. The data covers the time span from 2009-01-03 12:00:00 to 2009-02-02 06:00:00.
    • HIPPO
    final 1.0
    2012-09-26
    This dataset contains South Pole Sig Wx forecasts by NCEP taken during the HIPPO-3 project. The data is in GIF format. The data covers the time span from 2010-03-17 18:00:00 to 2010-04-19 18:00:00.
    • HIPPO3
    final 1.0
    2013-02-04
    This dataset contains South Pole Sig Wx forecasts by NCEP taken during the HIPPO-4 project. The data is in GIF format. The data covers the time span from 2011-06-08 12:00:00 to 2011-07-13 18:00:00.
    • HIPPO4
    final 1.0
    2013-02-11
    This dataset contains South Pole Sig Wx forecasts by NCEP taken during the HIPPO-5 project. The data is in GIF format. The data covers the time span from 2011-08-03 12:00:00 to 2011-10-08 18:00:00.
    • HIPPO5
    final 1.0
    2013-02-13
    This data set contains hourly and daily precipitation data from Southeast Michigan Council of Governments (SEMCOG) stations. This data set covers the period from 01 May through 31 Jul 2003. The data are in ASCII format.
    • BAMEX
    final 1.0
    2008-10-07
    This dataset links to supplemental information for the project.
    • SAS
    final completed
    This dataset provides a link to the Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observations and Modeling (SOCCOM) float data archive
    • ORCAS
    final completed
    This data set contains hourly resolution surface meteorological data from the Southwest Kansas Mesonet (formerly the Ground Water Management District #3 Network). This network includes 8 stations in south western Kansas and covers the period from 28...
    • IHOP_2002
    final 1.0
    2008-10-07
    This dataset contains Soundings of Ozone and Water in the Equatorial Region (SOWER) Cryogenic Frostpoint Hygrometer (CFH) water vapor and ozone data collected at Biak, Indonesia during the CONvective TRansport of Active Species in the Tropics (CONTRAST...
    • CONTRAST
    final 1.0
    2014-10-30
    This dataset provides a link to the Soundings of Ozone and Water in the Equatorial Region (SOWER) data archive
    • CONTRAST
    final completed
    This data set is a single tar file of PAM station data from the SPACE experiment near Huntsville, Alabama.
    • SPACE
    • COHMEX
    • MIST
    final 1.0
    2014-06-16
    This data set contains the high vertical resolution (2-second) radiosonde data from Spain during the Perdigao project. Data are included from four stations in Spain for the period 1 December 2016 to 7 July 2017 (there is a gap in the data from 10-28...
    • Perdigao
    final 1.0
    2017-08-16
    This dataset links to supplemental information for the project.
    • CHEESEHEAD
    final completed
    This dataset contains spatial characteristics of AVHRR-NDVI data collected from the AVHRR satellite along latitudinal transects in northern Alaska. This dataset consists of 2 Microsoft Excel files and 3 zip files. This dataset may not be subsetted.
    • ATLAS
    • ITEX
    1.0
    2007-11-02
    The primary data utilized in the research are data from the North Pacific Observer Program and economic production and price information from the Alaska Fisheries Information Network (AKFIN). The observer data that were utilized in this project contain...
    • BSIERP
    final completed
    These are the SPC BAMEX Forecast Discussion and Charts for June 9 to July 3, 2003. The data includes both gif images of the BAMEX area and HTML files of the forecast discussions.
    • BAMEX
    final 1.0
    2005-10-27
    A link to the Storm Prediction Center (SPC) IHOP Forecast Discussion and Charts prepared as part of the SPC/NSSL Spring Program 2002
    • IHOP_2002
    final completed
    These data are the preliminary severe weather reports for the United States during the Bow Echo and Mesoscale Convective Vortex Experiment (BAMEX).
    • BAMEX
    final 1.0
    2007-11-05
    Flight videos collected on board the SPEC Learjet 35 during the Secondary Production of Ice in Cumulus Experiment (SPICULE) field campaign from 29 May through 25 June 2021. These videos are in AVI format.
    • SPICULE
    final 1.0
    2023-05-09
    State and Cloud microphysics data collected on board the SPEC Learjet 35 during the Secondary Production of Ice in Cumulus Experiment (SPICULE) campaign from 29 May through 25 June 2021. This data set is in ICARTT format. Please see the ReadMe file and...
    • SPICULE
    final 2.0
    2022-11-16
    Flight videos collected on board the SPEC Learjet during the Experiment of Sea Breeze Convection, Aerosols, Precipitation and Environment (ESCAPE) field campaign from 2 June through 17 June 2021. These videos are in AVI format.
    • ESCAPE
    final 1.0
    2023-05-15
    Cloud particle images collected with the Hawkeye CPI on board the SPEC Learjet during the Secondary Production of Ice in Cumulus Experiment (SPICULE) campaign from 29 May through 25 June 2021. These images are available as one zipped file per research...
    • SPICULE
    final 1.0
    2022-09-23
    Cloud particle images collected with the Hawkeye CPI on board the SPEC Learjet during the ESCAPE (Experiment of Sea Breeze Convection, Aerosols, Precipitation, and Environment) field project, collected from 2 June to 17 June 2022. These images are...
    • ESCAPE
    final 1.0
    2022-10-14
    State and Cloud microphysics data collected on board the SPEC Learjet 35 during the ESCAPE (Experiment of Sea Breeze Convection, Aerosols, Precipitation, and Environment) field project, collected from 2 June to 17 June 2022. This data set is in ICARTT...
    • ESCAPE
    final 1.0
    2022-10-06
    This dataset contains SPEC Learjet instrumentation data and imagery collected during the Ice in Clouds Experiment - Tropical (ICE-T) project. It consists of 1Hz ASCII data for the instruments, image data from the 2D-S, CPI, and HPVS, and flight tracks...
    • ICE-T
    final 1.0
    2012-01-09
    This dataset provides a link to the ICE-T Field Catalog Reports section which includes SPEC Learjet Mission Summaries
    • ICE-T
    final completed
    This dataset contains state and navigation parameters for the SPEC Learjet from July 2012 for the Ice in Clouds Experiment - Tropical (ICE-T) project.
    • ICE-T
    final 1.0
    2013-06-24
    Cloud microphysics data collected on board the NSF/NCAR GV during the Secondary Production of Ice in Cumulus Experiment (SPICULE) campaign from 29 May through 25 June 2021. This data set is in ICARTT format. Please see the ReadMe file and the header...
    • SPICULE
    final 1.1
    2023-01-04
    As part of ice-albedo feedback studies during SHEBA, we measured spectral and wavelength-integrated albedos. Measurements were made at least weekly every 2.5 m along a 200-m survey line from April through October. Initially this line was completely...
    • SHEBA
    1.0
    2007-11-02
    While measuring albedo was the primary focus of the optical program, we were also interested in determining the the amount of solar energy transmitted through the ice cover. We measured spectral transmittance for a variety of ice types, including cold...
    • SHEBA
    1.0
    2007-11-02
    Flight Chatlogs from the SPICULE (Secondary Production of Ice in Cumulus Experiment) field project, collected from 03 May to 25 June 2021 onboard the NSF/NCAR GV HIAPER (Gulfstream V). These scrubbed chat logs contain conversations between scientists...
    • SPICULE
    final 1.0
    2023-04-20
    The eastern Bering Sea shelf supports productive marine ecosystems with extraordinarily valuable fisheries and subsistence resources, but sub-arctic seas are predicted to be one of the regions most sensitive to future warming of the world's oceans....
    • BEST
    1.0
    2009-12-16

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    This material is based upon work supported by the NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research, a major facility sponsored by the U.S. National Science Foundation and managed by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. National Science Foundation.