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Earth Observing Laboratory
Field Data Archive

Dataset List

    14578 datasets found (100 shown). Full dataset descriptions and data access links are available by selecting the dataset title.
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    Dataset Projects Responsible parties Version/Date
    This data set contains the standard sea-ice observation reports from the United States Coast Guard Cutter (USCGC) Healy cruise HLY-02-01.
    • SBI
    A link to the SBI Field Catalog Sea Ice Observation reports for the USCGC Healy 04-02 cruise.
    • SBI
    final completed
    This dataset provides images of the sky and current surface conditions taken at the Environment Canada Weather Office in Iqaluit, NU over the duration of the STAR project. A Campbell Scientific CC680 still imaging camera took imagery taken every 5...
    • STAR
    final 1.0
    2020-08-10
    A small mesonet of 10 automatic weather stations, within a 100 km radius of Iqaluit were installed at the end of September 2007 . The weather stations were positioned over various forms of topography to assess storm influences on surface weather. By...
    • STAR
    final 1.0
    2020-07-02
    During the blowing snow events (Oct.17, 2007 and Nov. 5, 2007), some photos and movies were taken at the Environment Canada Weather Office in Iqaluit, NU. Time stamps on actual pictures are UTC reported time minus 1 (because of daylight savings). The...
    • STAR
    final 1.0
    2020-07-21
    CloudSat was selected as a NASA Earth System Science Pathfinder satellite mission in 1999 to provide observations necessary to advance our understanding of cloud abundance, distribution, structure, and radiative properties. Since 2006, CloudSat has...
    • STAR
    final 1.0
    2020-09-23
    The WVR-1100 Microwave Radiometer (MR) located at the Environment Canada Iqaluit Station was a dual frequency radiometer operating at 23.8 GHz and 31.4 GHz. This allowed simultaneous measurements of integrated water vapor and integrated liquid water in...
    • STAR
    final 1.0
    2020-09-09
    An acoustic Doppler Sound Detection and Ranging (SODAR) system (Remtech PA1-NT) was also used to assess the three component winds between 0 – 1.2 km AGL with a 30 m vertical resolution every 30 minutes. The SODAR had a horizontal wind speed range of 30...
    • STAR
    final 1.0
    2020-09-03
    The changing climate represents one of the most important ecological issues concerning our planet. Changes in atmospheric trace gases, cloud over, cloud type, solar radiation, and tropospheric aerosols (liquid or solid particles suspended in the air)...
    • STAR
    final 1.0
    2020-10-09
    The MODIS instrument operated on both the Terra and Aqua spacecraft during STAR.  The viewing swath width was 2,330 km and viewed the entire surface of the Earth every one to two days. Its detectors measured 36 spectral bands between 0.405 and 14.385...
    • STAR
    final 1.0
    2020-10-01
    The NOAA Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellite (POES) satellite platforms provided High Resolution Picture Transmission (HRPT) image data products. The HRPT consists of six channels of Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data in the...
    • STAR
    final 1.0
    2020-11-06
    This dataset contains Daily Ice Analysis Charts, Weekly, and Monthly Regional Ice Charts for David Strait and Hudson Strait. Ice analysis charts are produced in accordance with Canadian Coast Guard requirements. They are operational charts and are only...
    • STAR
    final 1.0
    2020-07-14
    This dataset contains derived ocean surface wind vector imagery surrounding the Southern Baffin Island. Imagery of ocean surface winds at a 10m height from satellite passes were processed by NOAA’s National Environmental Satellite, Data, and...
    • STAR
    final 1.0
    2020-10-28
    The snowflake microphotography was taken to: (1) provide detailed precipitation characteristics that occurred in Iqaluit; (2) to be used in conjunction with radar data and laser precipitation data to identify local precipitation characteristics and...
    • STAR
    final 1.0
    2020-11-20
    This dataset contains the surface weather conditions for the stations surrounding the Storm Studies in the Arctic (STAR) project location. There were about 15-17 stations data archived once a day.
    • STAR
    final 1.0
    2020-06-11
    This dataset contains upper air meteorological rawinsonde soundings from the operational Environment Canada observing stations in the STAR domain. The data contains the Iqaluit, Pangnirtung, and other stations in the STAR domain with soundings taken...
    • STAR
    final 1.0
    2020-06-24
    Two Sentry SVS-1 visibility sensors were installed at the Iqaluit Weather Office site. One instrument was an RS-232 Output version (Visibility 1), while the second was Analog version (Visibility 2) of the instrument. The instruments had measurement...
    • STAR
    final 1.0
    2020-08-20
    This data set contains the lightning detection data from the STARNET (Sferics Timing And Ranging NETwork) lightning detection network during the period of RELAMPAGO operations. The STARNET lightning detection network is run by the University of Sao...
    • RELAMPAGO
    final 1.0
    2019-02-15
    This dataset contains Sferics Timing and Ranging Network (STARNET) long-range lightning detection data from the High Altitude Ice Crystals - High Ice Water Content (HAIC-HIWC) project that took place in Cayenne, French Guiana. The STARNET lightning...
    • HAIC-HIWC_2015
    final 1.0
    2015-12-07
    The NCAR Airborne Oxygen Instrument (AO2) was mounted on the NCAR GV during the START-08 project. The submitted AO2 data are in 1 flat ascii text file per flight. Each file contains running 10-second medians (of the original ~ 2.5-second data) at 1 Hz...
    • START08
    final 2.0
    2021-01-29
    The Multiple Enclosure Device for Unfractionated Sampling of Air (MEDUSA) flask data from the START-08: Stratosphere-Troposphere Analyses of Regional Transport project are contained in this dataset. This dataset includes measurements made by the...
    • START08
    final 1.0
    2021-01-21
    The Multiple Enclosure Device for Unfractionated Sampling of Air (MEDUSA) Kernel data from the START-08: Stratosphere-Troposphere Analyses of Regional Transport project are contained in this dataset. This dataset includes measurements made by the...
    • START08
    final 1.0
    2021-01-22
    A link is provided to the NCAR/ACOM START08 Data Download website
    • START08
    final completed
    Radiosondes collected at the Santa Barbara County Fire Department Station 38 for the SWEX field project are included in this dataset. This dataset is the preliminary data for radiosondes launched at Santa Barbara Fire Station 38 during the Sundowner...
    • SWEX
    preliminary 0.1
    2023-04-13
    This dataset contains station information for the Bow Echo and Mesoscale Convective Vortex Experiment (BAMEX 2003). The station information provided defines over 20,000 stations in the BAMEX domain and time period, including mesonet, precipitation,...
    • BAMEX
    final 1.0
    2005-10-27
    The North American Monsoon Experiment (NAME) 2004 Data sets contain data collected from over 38000 stations in the NAME Tier 3 domain and time period. The station information provided defines each station in the NAME datasets with station location,...
    • NAME
    final 1.0
    2006-03-21
    The International H20 Project (IHOP) 2002 data sets contain data collected from over six thousand stations in the IHOP 2002 domain and time period. The station information provided defines each station in the IHOP 2002 datasets with station location,...
    • IHOP_2002
    final 1.0
    2006-07-26
    • IHOP_2002
    final completed
    This dataset provides a link to the ICE-L Field Catalog Reports section which includes status reports from the NSF/NCAR C-130.
    • ICE-L
    final completed
    This dataset links to supplemental information for the project.
    • MILAGRO
    final completed
    This dataset contains daily chemical weather forecasts from the STEM regional chemical transport model provided by the Center for Global & Regional Environmental Research, at the University of Iowa, in support of the PACific Dust Experiment (PACDEX)....
    • PACDEX
    final 1.0
    2009-03-19
    A link to the NASA INTEX-B Data Archive STEM (Sulfur Transport and dEposition Model) Data.
    • MILAGRO
    final completed
    Radiosonde data collected during the first Stratospheric-Tropospheric Experiment: Radiation, Aerosols, and Ozone (STERAO). Files beginning in "i" are class interpolated data; filenames beginning in "m" are class raw thermodynamic data; files beginning...
    • STERAO-A
    final 1.0
    2018-11-26
    This dataset provides a link to the DOE ARM Archive RELAMPAGO Stereo Cameras for Clouds (STEREOCAM) Data
    • RELAMPAGO
    final completed
    This dataset contains ground-based measurements collected from the Sterling ICICLE Ground Suite during the ICICLE (In-Cloud ICing and Large-drop Experiment) field campaign from 27 January - 8 March 2019. Primary information included in the dataset are...
    • ICICLE
    final 1.0
    2020-01-31
    This dataset links to supplemental information for the project.
    • VOCALS
    final completed
    This dataset contains data on the dissected stomach contents of birds collected in waters within 200 kilometers of the Pribilof Islands, St. George and St. Paul and extending southeastward to Bogoslof Island in 2008 and 2009. Birds were collected by...
    • BSIERP
    final 1.0
    2014-12-31
    Stony Brook University Mobile X-band Phased Array Radar (SKYLER II) data are included in this dataset. During the Experiment of Sea Breeze Convection, Aerosols, Precipitation and Environment (ESCAPE) field campaign in Houston (Jensen et al.,2022), the...
    • ESCAPE
    preliminary
    List of stations whose data are included in the STORM-FEST data sets. List includes Station name, latitude, longitude,elevation, station type, observing network ID, WMO Number, and FAA call sign.
    • STORM-FEST
    final 1.0
    2006-07-26
    This dataset contains a link to the MPEX Field Catalog Operational Products section which contains SPC mesoscale analysis products among others.
    • MPEX
    final completed
    Nine PAM II stations were located near Senseca KS in the STORM-FEST boundary layer network, additionally another PAM II was collocated with an ASOS site in Topeka KS. Data consists of 1 min averages of temperature, relative humiditybarometric pressure,...
    • STORM-FEST
    final 1.0
    2011-08-24
    A composite upper air data set consisting of STORM-FEST data collected from all surface and aircraft based sites (NWS, AES, CLASS, US Military, Picket Fence, L2D2 and USAF). All data sets were converted to the NCAR CLASS format and interpolated to 10...
    • STORM-FEST
    • GCIP/GIDS-1
    final 1.0
    2011-08-24
    This dataset contains 15-minute precipitation values for all networks measuring precipitation at 15-minute or higher frequencies during STORM-FEST (about 2700 sites). Data includes that from national, regional and special research network data sets....
    • STORM-FEST
    final 1.0
    2011-08-24
    5 min composite from data collected at sites with 5 min or less resolution. Approximately 120 sites include ASOS, AWOS NWS/FAA, FSL, ICN, HPCN, PAM and USGS. Data includes temperature, dewpoint, station pressure, wind speed/ direction and precipitation...
    • STORM-FEST
    final 1.0
    2011-08-24
    The NCAR/ASTER facility collected measurements as part of the STORM-FEST boundary layer network near Seneca KS. Data consists of tower-based measurements of turbulent eddy correlation fluxes of momentum, sensible heat and water vapor as well as...
    • STORM-FEST
    Over 3000 volunteer observer stations across Canada provide daily observations of maximum/minimum temperature, snowfall,snow depth and total precipitation. A few sites also reportevaporation and ground state.
    • STORM-FEST
    Routine 12 hourly and selected special 6 hourly soundings from 9 Canadian AES stations in western Canada. The data consists of 10 sec resolution data as well as mandatory and significant levels of pressure, temperature, relative humidity and wind speed...
    • STORM-FEST
    The Canadian AES routinely collected data from an existing network of hourly observer stations. Data consists of sky conditions, wind speed/direction, visibility, temperature (dry/wet), dewpoint, current weather and sea level/station pressure. Canada...
    • STORM-FEST
    Cimarron is a 10 cm wavelength Doppler radar that operated in coordination with other radars in the STORM-FEST region to obtain dual-Doppler data. Reflectivity and velocity spectra data were collected for a total of approximately 26 hours during STORM...
    • STORM-FEST
    Twelve (12) fixed CLASS sites were operated in STORM-FEST. Launches were conducted at 12 h (up to 3 h) intervals. Data consist of 10 second vertical resolution soundings of pressure, temperature, windspeed/direction, and relative humidity as well as...
    • STORM-FEST
    final
    NCAR (8) and NSSL (4) operated 12 special fized site CLASS rawinsonde sites. Soundings were taken as directed (from 12 hourly to 3 hourly). Data consists of interpolated 5 mb interval pressure, temperature, relative humidity and wind speed/direction.
    • STORM-FEST
    final
    DMSP is comprised of three near polar orbiting satellites that provide images in two spectral bands: visible (0.56 km)and infrared (2.78 km) from an Operational Linescan System. There are up to 4 overpasses of the STORM-FEST region daily.
    • STORM-FEST
    DMSP is comprised of three near ploar orbiting satellites that provide images in two spectral bands: visible (0.56 km)and infrared (2.78 km) from an Operational Linescan System. There were up to 4 overpasses of the STORM-FEST area daily.
    • STORM-FEST
    The USAF/DMSP consists of 3 near polar orbiting satellites that provided global microwave data from the SSM/I. SSM/I provides water vapor measurements (1400 km swath) at three frequencies (19.35, 37.0, 85.5 GHz). Up to 4 overpasses of the STORM-FEST...
    • STORM-FEST
    Digital recordings of daily GOES-7 1-km visible imagery thatwere produced during STORM-FEST from the NSSFC Wideword workstation. These data are in McIDAS format.
    • STORM-FEST
    Digital recordings of daily GOES-7 8-km Channel 10 imagery that were produced during STORM-FEST from the NSSFC Wideword workstation. These data are in McIDAS format.
    • STORM-FEST
    Digital recordings of daily GOES-7 8-km infrared imagery that were produced during STORM-FEST from the NSSFC Wideword workstation. These data are in McIDAS format.
    • STORM-FEST
    Digital recordings of daily GOES-7 8-km visible imagery thatwere produced during STORM-FEST from the NSSFC Wideword workstation. These data are in McIDAS format.
    • STORM-FEST
    Digital recordings of daily GOES-7 8-km Channel 12 (water vapor imagery that were produced during STORM-FEST from the NSSFC Wideword workstation. These data are in McIDAS format.
    • STORM-FEST
    FSU developed 3 VHS format videos containing loops of 8 km resolution GOES-7 visible, infrared and MSI channel 10 data over the central US during STORM-FEST. Tapes contain daily loops of 1 hour interval 8-bit imagery. Some navigational errors may be...
    • STORM-FEST
    Digital recordings of daily GOES-7 precipitable water imagery that were produced during STORM-FEST from the NSSFC Wideword workstation. These data are in McIDAS format.
    • STORM-FEST
    The GOES-7 VISSR Atmospheric Sensor allowed for the derivation of Dwell Soundings consisting of vertical profiles of temperature and moisture. The interval and number of dwell soundings depended on whether the satellite was in normal or RISOP...
    • STORM-FEST
    Hourly composite containing data from all networks measuring precipitation during STORM-FEST (about 2700 sites). Data includes that collected from national, regional and special research network data sets. Limited quality control was performed on this...
    • STORM-FEST
    final 1.0
    2011-08-24
    1 h composite of data collected at all 1 h resolution sites (about 720 sites). Included is data from ASOS, AWOS, FSL, NWS/FAA, ICN, HPCN, PAM and USGS. Data consists of wind speed/direction, station pressure, temperature and dewpoint.Data is converted...
    • STORM-FEST
    final 1.0
    2011-08-24
    The University of Illinois HOT 5 cm wavelength Doppler radarwas located at Urbana-Champaign Airport and operated by the Iliinois State Water Survey during STORM-FEST. The radar was activated under the direction of STORM-FEST during designated IOPs....
    • STORM-FEST
    About 96 NCAR L2D2 dropwindsondes were deployed during STORM-FEST. Data consists of interpolated 5 mb interval pressure, temperature, relative humidity and wind speed/ direction.
    • STORM-FEST
    final
    Approximately 96 NCAR L2D2 dropwindsondes were deployed during STORM-FEST. Data consists of soundings of 10 second vertical time resolution pressure, temperature, relative humidity and windspeed/direction.
    • STORM-FEST
    final
    A 2-CD set containing selected model analyses and forecasts from the STORM-FEST field experiment. The set contains selected runs of the Aviation, eta, MAPS, and NGM models from NOAA's National Meteorological Center (NMC). Updated versions of the NCAR...
    • STORM-FEST
    final
    NASA/Ames Research Center operated an ER-2 stratospheric jet (max altitude 65 kft). Nine flights were taken during STORM-FEST from 14 February to 14 March. Data was collectedby Millimeter Imaging Radiometer, Advanced Microwave Precipitation Radiometer,...
    • STORM-FEST
    NCAR CP-3 and CP-4 5 cm wavelength Doppler radars were operated in a dual-Doppler coordinated mode in Northeast Kansas. Data consists of radar reflectivity, velocity, spectral width, normalized coherent power, signal noise ratio and received power.
    • STORM-FEST
    final
    Pressure, hydrostatic height, temperature, dew point depression, wind speed and direction at mandatory and significant levels at official U.S. and Canadian sites across North America.
    • STORM-FEST
    NMC ran the MAPS model every 6 h (00, 06, and 18 UTC) with up to 6 h forecasts at a standard resolution of about 60 km.Output are available at 25 levels from the surface to 100 mb. the data cutoff for the model runs was about 1 hour and the output...
    • STORM-FEST
    final 1.0
    2011-05-17
    The operational Flux A and B analyses from the NMC MRF for the STORM-FEST period. Flux A contains the analyses for 00 and 12 UTC, Flux B contains the 06 and 18 UTC analyses. The output are available on a gaussian latitude/longitude grid. The output...
    • STORM-FEST
    final 1.0
    2011-05-17
    The operational Flux C forecast from the NMC MRF for the STORM-FEST period. Flux C contains the 24 and 36 hour MRF 12-hour forecasts. The output are available on a gaussian latitude/longitude grid. The data formats are ON84/85 and GRIB. The output...
    • STORM-FEST
    final 1.0
    2011-05-17
    NOAA/AOC operated a Lockheed Orion WP-3D from 5 Feb through 10 March 1992 for STORM-FEST (9 flights). The plane carried a tail 3 cm wavelength Doppler radar and a 5 cm wavelength lower fuselage non-coherent radar.
    • STORM-FEST
    NOAA/AOC operated a Lockheed Orion WP-3D turboprop from 5 Feb - 10 March 1992 (9 flights). The flight level data consists of housekeeping (time, position and performance) and state parameters (temperature, moisture and winds) at 1-sec resolution.
    • STORM-FEST
    NOAA/AOC WP-3D aircraft carried a 5 cm horizontally scanninglower fuselage radar (reflectivity) and a 3 cm vertically scanning tail radar (reflecitivity and velocity). Both werethree axis stabilized and covered the full 360 deg of azimuth.
    • STORM-FEST
    Daily radar reflectivity GIF images of a sector of the WSI Nowrad composite for the STORM-FEST Period. The sector is centered over Kansas. These data are for browsing purposes.
    • STORM-FEST
    • GCIP/GIDS-1
    final 1.0
    1996-11-07
    NWS WSR-57 radars at St. Louis and Grand Island were interfaced with digitizers. The digitized PPI and volume scan reflectivity data were recorded. Recorders were activated at the request of STORM-FEST. One data tape was available for each station,...
    • STORM-FEST
    final 1.0
    1995-10-30
    A 3-CD set containing much of the observational data from the STORM-FEST field experiment. The set contains NCAR King Air, U of Wyoming King Air, U of Washington C131, NOAA P3,NOAA Profilers, Soundings (CLASS, NWS, L2D2 and AES), NCAR ASTER, surface...
    • STORM-FEST
    final
    9 PAM II sites were positioned near Seneca KS in the STORM- FEST boundary layer network, also a PAM II was collocated with an ASOS in Topeka KS. Data has not undergone QC, but consists of temperature, barometric pressure, 10 m wind speed/direction,...
    • STORM-FEST
    final 1.0
    2011-09-14
    45 NCAR PAM II stations were deployed in the STORM-FEST domain (9 in the boundary layer network near Seneca KS most of the rest were in Missouri (100 km spacing). Data consistof 5 min averages of temperature, relative humidity, 10 m wind speed...
    • STORM-FEST
    final 1.0
    2011-09-14
    The University of Wisconsin operated a High-resolution interferometer as part of the STORM-FEST boundary layer network near Seneca KS. It provided vertical profiles of temperature and moisture every 12 min from calibrated infrared downwelling radiance...
    • STORM-FEST
    The University of Wyoming Beechcraft King Air Super 200 conducted 17 flights from 3 Feb - 11 Mar 1992. Data consists of 1 sec resolution housekeeping and state parameters, particle spectra and liquid water content.
    • STORM-FEST
    VHS Video tape records of the image products produced on theWideword workstation by the operations forecaster at the KC RCC during STORM-FEST. This video tape includes operational weather maps, forecast maps, and imagery viewed by forecasters on the...
    • STORM-FEST
    NOAA/WPL operated 5 boundary layer profilers (915 MHz) in the STORM-FEST boundary layer network near Seneca KS. They were equipped with RASS and provided vertical profiles of winds and temperature at 30 min intervals. Winds were measured at 100 m...
    • STORM-FEST
    • GCIP/GIDS-1
    WSI provides PPI reflectivity data from individual NWS radars and regional NWS radar composites (NOWRAD) every 15 min during STORM-FEST. A fixed regional sector (STORM-FEST inner domain) and a floater sector were collected via PC- McIDAS.
    • STORM-FEST
    The Fifteen Minute Precipitation Composite was formed from several data sources (i.e., Arkansas-Red Basin River Forecast Center, National Climatic Data Center Fifteen Minute Precipitation dataset, Oklahoma Mesonet Precipitation data, and the...
    • STORM-WAVE
    final 1.0
    2011-08-24
    The STORM-WAVE 20 Minute Surface Composite contains data from several networks (i.e., Artais Automated Weather Observation System, Handar Awos, and Qualimetrics AWOS) for the STORM-WAVE domain. Data from these sources (155 stations) were merged and...
    • STORM-WAVE
    final 1.0
    2011-08-24
    The STORM-WAVE 5 Minute Surface Composite contains data from several networks (i.e., Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS), Automated Weather Observing System (AWOS), Oklahoma Mesonet, DOE Atmospheric Radiation Measurements (ARM) Southern Great...
    • STORM-WAVE
    final 1.0
    2011-08-24
    The Daily Precipitation Composite was formed from several data sources (i.e., Arkansas-Red Basin River Forecast Center, National Weather Service Cooperative Observers Precipitation data, Oklahoma Mesonet Precipitation data, and the precipitation data...
    • STORM-WAVE
    final 1.0
    2011-08-24
    The Hourly Precipitation Composite was formed from several data sources (i.e., Arkansas-Red Basin River Forecast Center, National Climatic Data Center Hourly Precipitation dataset, Oklahoma Mesonet Precipitation data, and precipitation data extracted...
    • STORM-WAVE
    final 1.0
    2011-08-24
    The STORM-WAVE Hourly Surface Composite contains data from several networks (i.e., Artais Automated Weather Observation System, Handar AWOS, and Qualimetrics AWOS, Oklahoma Mesonet, Department Of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Surface, High...
    • STORM-WAVE
    final 1.0
    2011-08-24
    List of stations whose data are included in the STORM-WAVE data sets. List includes station name, latitude, longitude, elevation, station type, observing network ID, and station id.
    • STORM-WAVE
    final 1.0
    1998-01-15
    This dataset consists of a composite of all STORM-WAVE sounding data interpolated to 5-millibar vertical levels collected from the sounding sites in the experiment domain. This dataset includes pressure, temperature, dew point, relative humidity, wind...
    • STORM-WAVE
    final 1.0
    2011-08-24
    Stossel Box Weight measurements, from two manual lysimeters, collected during the Sublimation of Snow (SOS) field project from 31 January to 2 March 2023. These measurements are available in CSV format. See the readme file for more detail.  
    • SOS
    final 1.0
    2023-10-23
    This dataset contains the Mobile Mesonet data collected by Straka of OU. Each file contains the mobile mesonet data for each vehicle (P8) for one day. Files ending in .qcd have been quality controlled. Files ending in .qcd.bc have been quality...
    • VORTEX2
    final 1.0
    2011-02-02
    Processing this data is extremely time consuming. Jim will provide data subsets on request. Please email the contact below and we will work with you to obtain the data you requre.
    • ICE-T
    This dataset contains bi-hourly averages of streamflow and stage collected by the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA).
    • GCIP/GIDS-1
    final 1.0
    2016-09-27
    This dataset contains daily averages of streamflow collected by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) in the GCIP/GIST domain.
    • GCIP/GIST
    final 1.0
    1999-09-01

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    This material is based upon work supported by the NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research, a major facility sponsored by the U.S. National Science Foundation and managed by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. National Science Foundation.